AP U.S. History Prep Episode #7 | The Gilded Age and the Progressive Era (1860-1920)

0:00 and welcome to our a push review session for night with the Bill of Rights Institute I’m Tom Ritchie and I will be leading you through tonight’s review and so let’s go ahead and get your question in questions then we are going to be focusing this evening on the Gilded Age and the progressive era of course this is that time that is following the Civil War where we start to see the industrialization and urbanization of America during the Gilded Age and of course the Progressive Era where we are tackling the issues that are coming with that you know the United States is changing a great deal okay so this is this is something when we think about it that the United States in you know 1862 I mean was a bunch of farmers killing each other and now you know by you know the time of World War one the United States is the greatest industrial power that exists in the world so we’ve already got a couple questions so let me go ahead and address some of those now one thing that we want to note and I’ll have some more clarity on this tomorrow is we want to know that the AP the AP government exam I don’t know exactly there’s no way to know exactly how many questions but we definitely are hearing that there were multiple questions okay there were multiple questions and I think yet yes so I don’t know exactly how many forms and I don’t know if the College Board they usually wait 48 hours to release exams so I don’t know what their plans are this year or how many forms they might release but this is something that we’ll have some more clarity tomorrow because one of the questions is are we looking at a DBQ topic on Friday or are we looking at a number of DBQ topics I’m so yeah good to see you here I hear Sean Patrick and of course we’ve got we’ve got Eric here and let’s see as far as that as far as that goes when we think about you know now somebody’s yeah so we had several of them now thematic questions okay when we think about this that yeah the AAP government argument essay is typically thematic in a regular year because it is asking basically on a large concept I’m so so with that you know yeah I don’t think though one thing to note is that I don’t think now I think one of the questions that that I heard about I don’t know if we’re allowed to talk about them publicly yet or not so I won’t but one of the questions seemed very very prime to our current situation with the coronavirus so that I thought was very curious so we’ll see what happens but when the uro exam is administered tomorrow which of course this is the last night that my attention is divided between multiple exams you see them in my AP euro shirt tomorrow AP US history will have my full attention and I’ll be able to you know to report whether euro test-takers saw

3:01 one DBQ or whether your own test-taker saw several dbq’s okay so that’s going to be something that we definitely want to uh that we want to know here alright so going from there when are we allowed to talk about the AP exam okay now Kat you may you know you’re hearing 50 minutes after the exam typically it’s two days on before you know they release questions so this is something that you know we’ll see I mean I don’t have a lot of clarity on this right now so we’ll see okay so yeah Emily I want to address what you’re saying about reconstruction okay so when we’re thinking about reconstruction I do think that it’s important to note that although we like to divide history up into periods and that’s why I think that contextualization is so important on this exam when we think about context because the context of the Gilded Age like the American industrialization is really like the Civil War and reconstruction is setting the stage for this because what we want to understand and I keep harping on this over and over again in hopes that it’ll stick because I think that you know it’s about time for something like this to probably be on the exam in some form that remember that Henry Clay’s American system was was something that was you know controversial during the antebellum period before the Civil War it was something that was filled with controversy and so the American system you know with the National Bank internal improvements protective tariffs and this is something that the Democratic Party which was the dominant party before the before the Civil War on that the Democratic Party was the majority party in the second two-party system when you look at the amount of times that the Whigs occupied the White House on the amount of times that you know the Whigs controlled Congress as I mentioned before there was only a two-year period from 1841 to 1843 when the Whigs controlled both houses of Congress and the presidency and so you know the antebellum period was like the heyday of the Democratic Party which had its base in the south that the south was you know definitely the controlling interest behind the Democratic Party and so before the Civil War economic policy was actually properly laissez-faire okay that’s one thing that I always harp on we’re talking about the Gilded Age is that people are always referring to the Gilded Age as laissez-faire and while that may be true in the sense that we don’t see you know during the Gilded Age you know we don’t necessarily see a lot of you know a lot of regulation of business at the same time what we do see is that the government is passing legislation that is very friendly to

6:03 business and so that’s something that I think is worth noting here that it’s not like the government is just standing back and let the economy run itself okay so we’ve got some things that go back not just to reconstruction but they go into the Civil War okay so I think that usually like this period they’ve got it starting in 1865 if I were starting it I would say 1861 because that’s when you have the Morrill tariff em Orr I ll the Morrill tariff which jacks up the protective tariff and sets up you know United States support you know support for industry in the United States and so then of course the Pacific Railroad Act which begins the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad as a public-private partnership and again ladies and gentlemen make sure to you know make sure to get your questions out here okay we definitely want definitely want your questions out here and so we see here that ch is asking about can we talk about how the lives of African Americans changed during the Progressive Era okay so let’s kind of go this is the best time for us to talk about what they refer to as the nadir of American race relations the low point of American race relations and you know but of course you know what you see here is we’ve got a few phases I would say that you go from you know of course presidential reconstruction where Lincoln was an advocate of the Thirteenth Amendment now again if if somebody can tell me in the chat when we think about you know did president you know presidential reconstruction the Thirteenth Amendment what did it do I haven’t had any reason to open up a Google Doc yet so we you know but if y’all want you know what looks like y’all want to y’all want me to open up a Google Doc so I will do that I tell you what let’s you know I aim to please y’all if y’all are finding these notes helpful I think that that’s something that we can definitely get going here so let me go ahead and note this so yeah let’s let’s go ahead and Gilded Age and Progressive Era notes okay so I’m gonna have that in just a second we’re going to see that come up in the chat I’m gonna send that to my friends at the Bill of Rights Institute and so here is the yeah so y’all y’all liked these Google Documents let’s do that okay so we’ll go ahead and send the us in the Google Doc out there alright so the Google Doc is there and I believe that it’s set up to share with anybody who can view okay so when we think about the Gilded Age okay so so the so-called Gilded Age you know so the [ __ ] contextualizing okay contextualizing the Gilded Age okay and this is actually a

9:03 few years ago there was a prompt on the there was a prompt on the exam on a few years ago that was talking about the economic consequences of the Civil War okay so when we think about this the economic consequences of the civil Civil War okay and of course thinking about that you know during the Civil War we see that the Republican majority in Congress okay so during the Civil War the Republican majority in Congress passed legislation you support business and industrial development okay because that’s one thing that we’re always you know that’s that’s something that there’s there’s always when you’re talking about the 1850s it seems in most you know survey level courses in US history what we see is the 1850s are focused on on the slavery debate which is certainly like the the highest-profile thing that’s going on certainly the most interesting on things that are happening I mean nobody’s hitting somebody beating somebody with a cane over you know economics in the American system right and so we you know we note here that again Henry Clay’s American system okay that if something is having anything to do with economics in the 19th century I think the Henry Clay’s American system is always going to be something we want to look back at that’s why I have mentioned it in several broadcast okay so we think nip you know National Bank internal improvements and protective tariffs okay so era was controversial okay during the antebellum period so going from there okay during the Civil War the Republican majority in Congress passes legislation first of all the Morrill tariff okay so the Morrill tariff which was and you know in Crete you know this is an 1861 tariff which was passed almost on you know it’s almost immediately after the secession of the south okay so you know raised tariff rates you know so the Republican majority raised tariff rates to protective levels okay so basically levels where they would stay okay so where they would stay until you know until Woodrow Wilson’s administration during the Progressive Era I’m just gonna put here during the Progressive Era on Wilson administration now that’s something to note here that the Progressive Era what we see is that you have the Underwood tariff which you don’t necessarily need to know the name of but at the same time what happened

12:05 here on you know until the Progressive Era when coffee you know when the you know when the income tax okay so when the sixteenth amendment income tax was ratified okay so what we need to note here is that you know until the income tax is ratified and added to the Constitution there was an income tax passed during the 1890s and the Supreme Court didn’t necessarily shoot down the idea of an income tax but the thing is that the Constitution as it was originally written is that said that if the federal government does internal taxes they have to be done uniformly okay through the United States now if we think about that if we were to assess taxes on a federal level across the United States on that could end up being an issue of equity because you know where I live in the south of you know this is somewhere where the cost of living is typically not as high as in other as you’re going to find in other places okay so you’re going to see that the cost of living in the south is a lot less so if there were a uniform tax then that would penalize people who live where I live you know you think about also with this latest you know the checks that went out to people in this latest you know this latest relief I don’t know the latest but in the relief package where it was like okay if you make this amount of money twelve hundred dollars okay twelve hundred dollars will go farther in South Carolina then it’ll go in California and so the moral tariff just understand that before the passage of the sixteenth amendment on tariffs were the main source of revenue collection but note that the moral tariff was not a tariff for revenue it was a tariff to help industry then we’re thinking about the Pacific Railway you know the Pacific Railroad act Act which this was passed you know began you know authorized it could be construction of the Transcontinental Railroad okay and what this did you know this was like when we think about the purpose okay so when we think about the purpose of the Transcontinental Railroad to create a national market okay so to create a national market on at this you know a national market that would that would link the west coast with the states that are in the East okay so a national market that would link California and Oregon with the rest of the country okay so that’s what they’re looking to do there all right and so somebody asked about you know african-americans during the Progressive Era okay so let’s take a

15:05 look here we’re gonna note african-americans 16 you know basically 1865 to 1920 okay so 1865 to 1920 now first we’re gonna note here that during presidential reconstruction okay so let’s think about dividing this into a few eras so when we start off at presidential reconstruction okay so we see here that slavery was abolished at this time right so basically slavery is abolished slavery is abolished and then we see in terms of slavery’s abolished but on you know many southern states not all but many southern states passed black coats okay so Black Codes remember that is before radical reconstruction okay so they passed Black Codes that you know these Black Codes restricted the freedoms of freedmen okay so freedmen and you know denied them many of the privileges of citizenship okay so basically you know we look you know there were curfews and on you know they couldn’t own a fire you know that sort of thing so basically you know curfews they you know and regular you know vans on owning weapons or you know drink you know and drinking you know bands on owning weapons and consuming alcohol okay so you know those things these are things that we see in some of these Black Codes now remember the Thirteenth Amendment this is during presidential reconstruction of you know we see the Thirteenth Amendment on this of course freed slaves and did nothing else okay so when we look at radical reconstruction of course we see the 14th and 15th amendment okay so we see with radical reconstruction a we see the 14th and 15th okay and then full political participation okay and of course this is of course about 1865 to 1867 prêt radical reconstruction being from 1867 to 1877 and so going from there we look at you know during this time of you know of Jim Crow okay so now one thing if we’re thinking about you know the late night you know the Jim Crow era okay and we’re thinking about late 19th you know

18:07 the 19th century you know and this is basically the Jim Crow era is gonna continue okay so 19th century note that this continues through World War two and then we’re going to note the progressive air okay so basically we see an erosion of you know an erosion of civil rights okay so civil rights enforcement by the federal government okay and that’s of course when you have Plessy be Ferguson okay so Plus Edie Ferguson and what we would think of as separate but equal equal on basically segregation does not violate the I’m you know the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment okay so going with that you know the Jim Crow era of course we talked last night about grandfather clauses and the like now what we want to know about with the Progressive Era okay so the Progressive Era um you know we want it we want to know here that you know science basically when we look at this is like the triumph of you know Darwinian evolutionary theory which Darwinian evolutionary theory still holds a lot of water in the scientific community today but when Darwinian evolutionary theory first you know first came into the picture on this is a time where you see what we would call you know scientific racism okay so you know age there was a general belief okay so basically you see a general belief in white supremacy you know white supremacy and you know the inferiority the genetic inferiority of non-whites okay so you see here that this is something that was prevalent at that time keep in mind that this is also you know this is also the era of u.s. imperialism okay so when we see the same thing going on here now as far as the solutions okay so the proposed solutions you see here Booker T Washington okay so Booker T Washington of the Tuskegee Institute okay so the Tuskegee Institute and I was you know in my reconstruction DBQ I quote from his book up from slavery okay so Booker T Washington I’ve you know believed that you know that Americans good you know should be more concerned about learning trades okay so learning useful trades and helping themselves economically okay

21:09 then about pursuing coding rights and political equality okay so the thing is this is the you know kind of a self-help philosophy and of course you know he spoke about this his most famous articulation is his Atlanta speech okay so where he said cast down your bucket where you are okay and that was the you know his Atlanta speech okay so so basically Booker T Washington is saying that like look don’t wait for people to give you ought to give you voting rights and the like that you know just cast down your bucket where you are you know improve yourself and worry about that now of course I’ve wev two boys okay so w eb d boys you know founder of the n-double a-c-p some founders the n-double-a-cp disagreed you know with washington’s approach okay so disagreed with washington’s approach here on and soda boys on from the n-double-a-cp he’s pursuing an agenda of voting rights okay so to you know pursuing an agenda of voting rights and you know so this agenda of voting rights and integration okay so so basically what you’re thinking about here is that is the strategy that’s pursued by the boys now the boys is followed of course you know we’re cutting off after World War two but Martin Luther King jr. is somebody who is I’m subscribing to a large extent on to the to the strategy of the boys and the n-double-a-cp now another person that I think is is worth mentioning certainly an interesting figure in US history that I think doesn’t attention is marcus garvey okay so marcus garvey you know who was the father of you know basically that you know the father of black nationalism okay so and that comes at you know you see more black nationalism during the during the civil rights era but the father of black nationalism who you know is basically who organized a mass move you know a global okay so global mass movement on in the in the 1920s and of course this is often referred to as the back-to-africa movement okay now what you’re looking at here is you know in the in the back to africa movement on what you’re seeing here is the context is the Versailles Treaty after World War one where all of a sudden the poles get a nation on the Romanians get a nation you know the you know the Bulgarians you know all of these folks that are in like Central and Eastern Europe they’re

24:10 getting their own Nations the checks in the Slovak stay got to share their nation but the thing is that you’ve got all of these nations being created and Marcus Garvey’s like well what about a black nation okay what about a you know so he thought you know what needs to happen is that you know that black Americans need to return to Africa and build their own nation and for that end he started the Black Star Line I’m in order to to try to create this African nation the Black Star Line was you know seems to be some credible evidence that the Black Star Line was was intentionally sabotaged but with that I’m not going to say that that is verifying you know absolutely verifiable but it just so happened that like every ship that they got hold of just ended up having like some serious mechanical failures and we know that the J Edgar Hoover the later of you know who would later be the head of the FBI that J Edgar Hoover did have people embedded in Garvey’s organization and so with that um could we compare on the industrial yeah so I think that you know Amaury when we’re thinking about the Gilded Age definitely you can make some comparisons on between you know we could look at the Gilded Age as continuity okay so so we do want to note when we’re thinking about contextualizing the Gilded Age in general okay on that there was you know we do see you know the Gilded Age can be seen as a continuation okay a continuation of the commercial revolution okay so the commercial revolution in the early 19th century okay so the Gilded Age can be seen as a continuation of this commercial revolution and so with that you know this is something that you know think about this Gibbons versus Ogden okay so you know Gibbons versus Ogden which was a Supreme Court decision some of you may remember this was in the 1820s I forget the exact year was 1827 Gibbons versus Ogden 1824 okay so this was an 1824 decision on that you know this 1824 decision on is basically ruling about an interstate commerce okay so basically Steamship Lines can run between you know can run between different different states okay so 1824 ruled that you know that steam ships could you know could you know run from state to state Steamship Lines would run state to state I without the you know without being subject to regulation by States okay so five states of course that is because of the commerce clause okay now on

27:13 Cornelius Vanderbilt was running the steamship line in question okay so Cornelius Vanderbilt was right you know was running the steamship line in question okay so so as far as that goes when we look at when we look at Vanderbilt he’s somebody who went on to become a railroad magnate okay so Vanderbilt uh you know would go on to become a railroad mandate or met a mandate the magnate okay so a railroad bank magnate during the Gilded Age now that’s something you know where when did that guy was he born and died you know so uh Cornelius Vanderbilt uh you know he was 1794 to 1877 okay so when we think about this that yes when somebody says his reconstruction on his reconstruction included in the Gilded Age so yes I mean Cornelius Vanderbilt died in 1877 but this was something that we see that the railroads by 1877 they’ve already been very well developed one thing you want to note is when you think about the Bessemer process okay if you want to get into something that would make some really great outside evidence you know that that basically the mass construct you know mass production of steel okay so the mass production of steel was made possible by the Bessemer process now you don’t have to know how the Bessemer process works but the Bessemer process um is something before that people had steel okay so it’s a steelmaking process I’ll show you just a little something with a few pictures I’m just so it sticks again you don’t have to learn you know you don’t have to learn how to make steel in order to pass this exam but this is something that we see happening here it was independently discovered we see here that there are 1856 and 1851 so basically the 1850s okay um so it’s possible so now the Japanese there are some things you know they’re thinking about this but you know as far as that goes that you could make steel like during the Crusades you know they had steel swords I’m pretty sure the Romans even had you know even had steel swords you that goes back a long a long way okay so steel you get let’s see this doesn’t really go into yes of the opener the historical uses okay so before the introduction of the Bessemer process we see steel you know here and there okay it’s something that is very you know very difficult to put together but we start to see you know later on you know after the 1850s now before the 1850s we

30:15 see railroads but you know this is this is something that was not common okay so you know this is in the 1850s we see the Bessemer process so basically when you’re thinking about railroads and why railroads are starting to you know become more prevalent so so basically we have railroads as far back as the 1830s okay so when we think about you know pre 1860 and post 1860 okay so you know railroads existed in the United States attended to the tended to be short okay so tended to be short and link you know so link to places that were close together okay that were close together and along a major commercial route okay and then post 1850 okay so we see here that railroads became more much more prevalent okay so much more prevalent yeah much more prevalent on as a form of mass freight and passenger okay so passenger transportation you know transportation over long distances okay that’s one thing as we look here I can show you a nice little little map here on you know railroads in the United States 18 let’s note 1870 okay so we should be able to pull some Maps here so you know as far as that goes that let me see if I can find the maps that I’m looking for okay so this is you know where we’re looking at this let’s see where railroad companies map okay so just just to show this show this off what if we what have we got here so railroads okay so this is what it looks like let’s see open image in new tablets well okay this is 1890 okay so this is what the railroads look like in 1890 now if we’re going to go back to 1850 okay u.s. railroads in 1850 okay so if we’re looking at 1850 let’s see what we’re going to find now this is I wish I wish I could find where all of these are kept okay but you know they’re kind of showing up different places one of these days I want to put these in the you know in the same place and just have a go for you know with one another but oh okay

33:16 there we go they’re all in the same place okay so this is what we see in 1850 okay so 1850 1832 4250 you can see what’s going on here like South Carolina has one like a little bitty railroad you know by 1850 we see some things you know Massachusetts has a lot the outside of Massachusetts not a lot so that’s just something to kind of think about with the Bessemer process and how that is starting and I think that that is an outstanding piece of outside evidence like just to show that you’re familiar with what’s making this work because if we think about this I mean the railroads are pretty much key to everything that is going on at this point in the production of steel and so going from there on the Pacific Railroad now causes of the Civil War okay so Emily just to make this side just to make this something that you know let me explain this so we’re thinking about causes of the Civil War on the overall causes of the Civil War that we typically hear about the most are you know our state’s rights slavery and economic differences between the north and the south so when we think about economic differences between the north and the south as a general cause of the Morrill tariff it’s not that the Morrill tariff itself was a cause of the Civil War but that the Morrill tariff can be used as an illustration that the Civil War was caused partly by economics where we see that you know in the South secedes then we’re you know then we’re seeing here that when the South secedes from the Union the North is doing you know tariffs on you know all you know is is basically raising the terrace okay so with that you know with that we’re we’re going from you know basically let’s see get my train thought here okay so as far as the tariffs okay the moral terror it’s happening after but when we think about that it’s one of those things that it didn’t happen until after the South left so we see that as evidence that basically this is what was best for the northern economy so the northern economy in the southern economy I do different different goals so the moral tariff this is something that’s passed by the US Congress whereas the Confederates on have a tariff for revenue only okay so so with that let’s go ahead yeah some people want to talk about the populist okay I think that this is good to know here now the know-nothing party okay so the know-nothing party during this era that is during the 1850s that we see the know-nothing party and so looking at this let’s see so we’ve got now one thing Sabrina we have got a previous broadcast on imperialism so I would look back through our AP prep webinars that we’ve done here with the Bill of Rights Institute I have one that I dedicated solely to like American foreign policy

36:19 and specifically to the era of imperialism at the turn of the twentieth century so we have gone into that so the populist versus the progressives okay so let’s go into the populist versus the progressives I think this would be a great thing to have on hand on as some notes during your exam okay so we think about this you know the populist versus the progressives now what we’re going to note first of all we’re going to say here that the populist and this is the 1890s okay the 1890s and then the progressives and that is in the knot you know so basically 1900 to 1920 okay so the Progressive Era depending on how one defines that it could be you know again these air is all overlap okay so they all overlap now what they have in common okay is that the progressives they end the populist they all saw a need for more economic you know economic regulation okay so so basically they they believed that more eken that the federal government should take a stronger role you know so a greater role in regulating okay so regulating big business okay so so we see that that that is really what what is going to unite them okay so when we see the populist and the progressives we’re going to see that they are united on this now they’re not necessarily united as far as their interest and who they were okay so the populist tended to be you know uneducated uneducated you know so mostly you know mostly uneducated rural farmers okay so and then meanwhile the progressives these are you know they these tend to be like educated middle class urbanites okay so you know so educate you so mostly educated middle class urbanites okay so so that’s something when you think about like who they were they both wanted to you know wanted to wanted to have regulations and so we see here that they wanted to regulate business on the populist party platform one thing we’ll note here now that’s another thing that they believed in was that they wanted to that I’ll note here that they wanted to make government or democratic okay so now one thing we would say the populist in some cases are a bit more radical than the progressives because the populist actually called for the nationalization

39:22 of the railroads okay so called for nationalizing now nationalizing nationalizing is basically on the government takeover okay so a government takeover so a government takeover the railroads now when we look at Teddy Roosevelt the so-called trust Buster right so Teddy Roosevelt’s when we look at again the northern securities case okay so TR on you know TR launched a successful antitrust suit against northern securities okay so northern securities on you know which the you know which the court on you know which the supreme court found to be a railroad monopoly okay so as far as that goes on that when it comes down to it the progressives are a little bit they’re not quite as Extreme as the populist I’m in things but at the same time as well on you know we see that the populist you know they call for for direct election of senators okay so that the direct election of senators by voters of course the progressives were responsible for the 17th amendment okay so we see that some populist proposals actually become become law so so it’s interesting that the thing with the populist and the progressives are they are two groups of people on that they are truant you know they they have two different on you know two different backgrounds but they are both sharing that idea that there should be more regulation of the gun you know more regulation of business by the government you know they also called for things like you know secret ballot initiative referendum and recall you know those are things that were championed both by populist and progresses okay so you know we see here that you know so these are some things that we see going on you know secret ballot initiative referendum and recall okay so so that’s something the progressives did get some of their policies from the populist but note that this is a little bit you know just for a little bit different of reasons okay and so going with that of you know looking you know let’s see so did the populist party support African American rights and freedom on the owned by all now owned by all here’s the thing that we want to know Dylan now there were and and this is something that you know this kind of goes a little bit

42:23 deeper than you’re probably going to need to go for this exam when you’re thinking about you know the ownership by all they’re not talking about literal ownership of you know the railroads by all there’s something that they have kind of a different view here and and one thing I’ve got a video on that I call this Jefferson versus Roosevelt or you could oversimplify and call it founders versus progressives I’m but this is something where you know we we look at this and I would say let’s see I’ve got let’s say Jefferson yeah Jefferson versus Roosevelt and this is something that you know kind of shows you the progressive mindset about government okay so when you think about the progressive mindset about government versus the Jeffersonian mindset about government and no I’m not gonna say the founders or something like that but I’m gonna note the Jeffersonian view of government versus you know what we might think of is the progressive view of government there Jefferson and Roosevelt at the center of Mount Rushmore now the first time the Jefferson saw the Constitution wasn’t exactly love at first he liked it more than he didn’t but you know Jefferson wrote to his friend James Madison I am NOT a friend to a very energetic government it is always oppressive okay so Jefferson is looking at like government as a necessary evil a threat to the people okay that’s something that you’re seeing here and then Teddy Roosevelt in a speech in Asheville North Carolina we get in the habit of speaking of the government as if it were something apart from us the government is us we are the government you and I and so Teddy Roosevelt is taking a position on government that is a lot like the position that you know in this positional government it is a lot like the position that the populace have taken that basically if the government owns the railroads then everybody owns the railroads because in a democracy the government is basically the people now make up your mind where you go I mean personally and I and I think people I think the teachers should be transparent about their their biases and their beliefs you know I tend to lean a little more Jeffersonian for me I think that you know in government I get it’s too much too powerful you know you look at the situation with my neighborhood Pope that’s still that’s still locked and it’s just like why I’ve you know but but as far as that goes I’m thinking when did I ever consent to that part of the social contract on that the government would take away proper the use of property from me just because I share it with other people one thing about public spaces but my property that I share with other people and Association on does the government have a right to just come in and

45:34 undeniable do tend to support the strict lockdown measures now how long that’s going to last who knows so there are two ways to really look at this and you know there are Americans who have valid views on either side so when you look at Jefferson Jefferson’s coming from the turn of the 19th century a pre-industrial time and the America at that time was 94% rural so 19 out of 20 people lived in a rural area at the time now Jefferson is president in the first decade of the 19th century Teddy Roosevelt 100 years later is president and so what we’re seeing here is when Teddy Roosevelt is president the United States has gone to be 40 percent urban okay so basically four out of ten Americans live in urban areas okay so we see here that the United States is different and do we need a different kind of government and a different kind of political culture to deal with this reality versus that reality and that is go that is really when you think about today the difference between progressives and conservatives that American conservatives tend to look you know at the founding fathers as you know being sacrosanct whereas the progressives are like well maybe they were good for their time or not depending on which progressive you talk to but you know that this the government needs to evolve in order to adjust to new realities so Jeffersonian principles you know that a government is a necessary evil whereas progressives join the populist in seeing government as a positive force for good now understand that the Jeffersonian perspective has not been superseded Ronald Reagan when he was president said the nine most terrifying words in the English language are I’m from the government and I’m here to help and so that’s that’s Reagan and of course he’s sounding a lot more like Jefferson and so you know Jefferson was about this laissez-faire economy not like Gilded Age you know laissez-faire but an actual laissez-faire economy and the government’s job is largely to protect individual liberties whereas when you know with Teddy Roosevelt when we think about the northern securities case now the biggest thing is to latch on to some pieces of outside evidence you can use so things like the tarah the Bessemer process of Booker T Washington we see you know the northern securities case we see that government regulation is necessary to level the playing field that Roosevelt believed that this this railroad monopoly that was created by northern securities between the Great Northern Railroad basically merging together with the Northern Pacific Railroad that it made an anti-competitive environment again the northwest when it came to the railroad and so Teddy Roosevelt felt

48:35 like that is unacceptable that is making people less free that’s one thing we want to note about Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson called his plan while Teddy Roosevelt called his plan the square deal Woodrow Wilson called his plan the new freedom okay so that’s another thing about progressives is this idea that freedom the idea of freedom needs to be you know needs to be revisited from generation to generation and that the idea of freedom changes as society changes whereas conservatives would say well freedom is freedom and freedom doesn’t really change so that’s something that when we look at these two views you know are still very current in American society today and so you know where we see that Jeffersonians use the Enlightenment morality you know life liberty and pursuit of happiness pursuing your own happiness while not hurting someone else whereas we look at the progressives we look at the eighteenth Amendment legislating against vices that alcohol is something that you know is not is not good for you you know we we seldom hear about somebody who is more virtuous while they’re drinking alcohol and so make it illegal don’t give people access to it and so you know basically you’re you know are you is the point of government to preserve the natural order to prevent jump in justice or is it to create an intentional order to make justice so to speak and that’s where you see you know the progressives believing that we can create a society that is superior to the natural order of things whereas you Jefferson you know saw government as a way to protect the natural order of things so with that disagreements progressives had with each other okay now just depending on what you define as progressive now I don’t know if I would really get that deep into an Angela I would really think that for this exam you’re going to get more into you know what’s what’s important is understanding progressive ideologies and how they conflict with conservative ideologies I think that’s going to be a much better path there now and it just depends you know just like everything else progressivism has its own you know has different definitions for different people so you would think in terms of you know Woodrow Wilson’s administration I’m just to kind of have an example here that when we’re thinking about the Progressive Era and I’ll make a note I’ll make a note here that when we’re thinking about that on that Woodrow Wilson out Teddy Roosevelt’s okay so Teddy Roosevelt’s uh you know once had dinner okay so had dinner with Booker T Washington at the White House okay now backlash he never did that you

51:35 know so there was there was substantial backlash this produced you know this produced you know a great deal of backlash officially in the south okay so in the South in Teddy Roosevelt never did it again you know and TR never you know never invited a person you know a person of color in the black into the White House again so you know had never had dinner in the White House later again so then we notice how Woodrow Wilson okay so Woodrow Wilson unsegregated federal employees okay so federal employees who had been integrated okay so who had been integrated in previous administrations okay now one thing that you would note here is that Woodrow Wilson was you know was born in the south even though he was governor of New Jersey before he became president now there’s been some controversy I’ve heard at Princeton where you know some people want like the you know the Woodrow Wilson Center to be renamed even though you know Woodrow Wilson had been president of Princeton University but they say you know Woodrow Wilson was someone who you know was against racial equality and now Wilson though what we want to note here is depending on the branch of progressivism you subscribe to that the branch of progressivism that was you know that that advocated scienter beliefs of scientific racism that it makes sense to segregate people of different races now when we look at World War one african-americans fought and fought is a strong word here on they served in segregated units okay now they had black officers unlike the Civil War where you had white officers with with black units but they didn’t see combat they weren’t allowed to be in combat unless they were farmed out to the French the Harlem Hellfighters um were farmed out to the French and they saw combat and they had French military decorations for their combat not you know not American decorations alright the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act okay so very good here so one thing we’ll know here on is antitrust legislation um the Sherman Antitrust Act was really one of those things that seems to me more of a symbolic act okay so the Sherman Antitrust Act okay so Gilded Age and the Clayton Antitrust Act under Wilson okay so the Sherman Antitrust Act Trust Act during the Gilded Age on this was a weak piece of legislation okay so legislation that was used more

54:36 effectively against labor unions and it was against big business okay so that’s the Sherman Ames Trust Act the Clayton Antitrust Act was a strong piece of legislation that specifically exempted labor units okay so specifically exempted labor unions from its provisions okay so basically a labor union can be as large as you know it as it can on which you know is something that you know they can have millions of people so that’s something in terms of labor unions cannot be part that cannot be prosecuted under the terms of the Clayton Antitrust Act what is happening with women in this era okay what has happened women in this area you’ve of course got you know so women when we think about women in the Progressive Era now Jane Addams okay so Jane Addams you know was the founder you know was the founder of the whole house okay the whole house in Chicago okay so now the whole house was a settlement house okay so this is a settlement house else that focused on you know so that’s a settlement house that operated with a goal of helping immigrants simulate into mainstream American society so as far as that goes that the whole house are and the whole idea of a settlement house on you know was that they would have you know job training child care classes in English you know where you could go there and you can take a class to learn English basically trying to get these in these new immigrants out from under the thumb of political machines okay so Jane Addams was a you know she was a sociologist okay so so we think about this we want to also note a couple of the constitutional amendment okay so when we look at you know and this will be the last the last question we have time for but when we think about the 18th amendments okay so the 18th amendment and the 19th amendment and then we’re going to note here that the eighteenth Amendment prohibition okay so was a result of political efforts by women okay so it was largely a result a result of political efforts by women on that women were noteworthy for leading the temperance movement whereas the 19th amendment uh you know prohibited you know or you know so it you know it protect you know it recognized the right

57:40 of women to vote okay so that’s what we’re seeing in terms of the Constitution okay so we’re thinking about those amendments those amendments were both both had to do with women on internal problems now one thing to note Maya I would say that during the Progressive Era I don’t know if I would put a dichotomy in there because during the presidencies of you know McKinley Roosevelt you know Taft and Wilson there are you know you’ve got this time of imperialism so I would not say that you know now I would say probably before 1890 the United States is more insulated because they’ve got this whole American system economy going but you know I would say here that you know not necessarily focused more on internal and external during the Progressive Era so that’s something you know something to give some thought and with that ladies and gentlemen we’ve got a couple more broadcast we will be broadcasting on Wednesday and Thursday also at 6:30 p.m. Eastern so make sure that you are you know you’ve got your notifications turned on so you won’t you know you won’t forget about that and you know we’ll make sure that you are you know getting well prepared for your a push exam and I’m looking forward to Mara to a push being the only thing left on my plate so with that ladies and gentlemen I’ll see y’all tomorrow at 6:30 p.m. Eastern it’s always a pleasure