In the early years of the United States, American foreign policy focused on maintaining neutrality and protecting national sovereignty while dealing with conflicts between Britain and France. Presidents Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison struggled with issues such as British impressment of American sailors, attacks on U.S. shipping, and pressure to take sides in European wars. Key events included Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality, Jay’s Treaty, the XYZ Affair, the Louisiana Purchase, and Jefferson’s Embargo Act. Rising tensions with Britain eventually led to the War of 1812, which ended with the Treaty of Ghent in 1815. By the war’s conclusion, the United States had grown stronger and gained greater respect as an independent nation capable of defending its interests.