Debating Global Development | Lincoln-Douglas

0:00 so that’s really great I think it’s really wonderful to have you know bright young minds interest in this topic and from there you could make your own decisions on which side you warm tick and how you like to defend it just a little bit of a caveat I have a little bit of cough so I hope you can put up with me today for the next hour or so and with that let’s get started okay so a little bit about myself because it’s always important to know what some of the biases I may have as you have heard I had been working in the development industry for five years so to be quite frank hard or my livelihood do depend on you know development assistance and in this program that goes on but previously I worked in a variety of industries worked in pharmaceuticals I was a reservist in the Canadian Army I’ve traveled to many places around the world and I think just from a personal point of view I’m very happy with like where I end up so let’s go on I understand the resolution to be debated is that wealthy nations have an obligation to provide development assistance to other nations so when I learn about that I try to break that down and you know there are three parts to this right what’s a wealthy nation what’s development assistance what’s obligation so let’s go first into development assistance and apologies for some of the formatting because of the font size certain alignments may be out of sync okay so there I’ll try to be very brief to guide you through the brief history take you through the murky alphabet soup of development some of the prominent actors and then just give you an idea like how we get to where we are now and highlight like some of the evolution you know like none of this came out of the box saying oh we are gonna do this perfectly and I think over time you’ll see how late some of the development came through I’m gonna pause here for a little bit Madi I see on the chat there’s some people that cannot hear how would you like to proceed how are ready so I can hear you um so I’m gonna suggest that those users um go ahead and make sure that their volume is completely turned off because as far as we know everything is working

3:00 everything’s working okay um so if any other students are having that same problem we can investigate further but we can go ahead and proceed okay well so first a quick quiz what percentage of the 2016 actually should say 17 that’s my mistake the US federal budget was targeted for foreign aid and I think I just need to drag this question out there and now you should be able to see a multiple select is going on very quickly 34 participants so you got one thirty percent okay foldings going well almost it’s gonna give it another 30 seconds here hopefully nobody’s cheating by googling at the moment so it defeats the purpose okay I’m gonna end I’m gonna end the poll so the numbers we’ve got is that six people fold it for one percent eight says six ten sets seventeen four sets twenty-five and so the answer I’m gonna end a poll the answer let me see I think I dragged it away the answer is actually one percent so kudos to those of you who got this right i I wonder yeah I can see some of you are pretty surprised by that okay so let’s dig into the information and I try to add a little bit of source so you can look into this right so let’s break down how it is spent there are actually two aspect main aspect is economic and development which count things such as global health program economic support migration refugee assistance international disaster assistance Peace Corps food for Peace so that’s like encouraging agriculture and Millennium Challenge which is like hey we got this really wicked development challenge tough nuts to crack and we’re gonna give out a prize for people who get it and then on the orange side it’s they ask for you 16.8 and this is back in the obama administration and a lot of its is on foreign military financing so basically what that what that is is will loan you money and a good rate provided that you buy our arms right so that’s a good chunk of that Afghanistan security

6:02 forces so salary equipment training coalition support funds not sure which coalition but you can look into that International Narcotics Control and long forcement counter-terrorism iraq training and equipment fund and then there’s also non-proliferation so like stopping the spread of nuclear weapons which we certainly could have used and related programs will we be able to access this with PowerPoint after webinar I believe so you know none of this is really special information so we’ll make sure it’s get distributed where it is spent just this quick look okay this is where they earmarking for us for the money to be spent so what that really brings us to is that I would want to impress upon you the point that Development Assistance is part of foreign aid but not all for an a is for development right and then the methods and outputs our foreign aid evolved over time and so I’m going to take you through a brief history I would try to go through as quickly as interesting as I can okay so in your research as you prepare for your debates you are going to run into a very widely accepted definition of what’s development assistance and this is done by the OECD explain that acronym later this provided but first of all official development assistance is provided by the government agencies right and the main aim has to be for promoting the economic development and welfare of those recipient countries and the key thing is that it has to be concessional in character like okay what does that mean well as I have mentioned some part of aid can be in the form of loans so the question is if the loan is of low enough interest or really long payoff date that would be counted as a concession so the interest rate at the end after calculated is low enough it would be concessional in character so the idea that people say aim for us hey when the math is done you should be at least giving up like 25% of value away for free you can take a look into that formula and see if there’s an advantage there when you do your debate research okay one of the things does not count for official development assistance right no motor equipment or services anti-terrorism activity the smart cow peacekeeping does not count but if you have troops and they are delivering aid like you know flying airlift operation into a country in order to supply food that that okay

9:03 that’s counted in the ODA nuclear energy is fine as long it’s purely for civilian use so depending which type of nuclear reactor you have some might not fall under Oda and then also one interesting thing cultural program has to be focused on building the capacity of the recipient country so US for example can’t go and host a hot dog eating contest and say that’s a cultural program right like the main point of those cultural program has to be helping that country to promote its own culture better or preserve its own culture better so what would be allowed in this would be lets say you have Beyonce and the producers go oversee and teach people how to make music videos like that what actually I can arguably fall on their Oda so this is the history part modern development really can traces its route to the end of World War two of course before World War two countries have been helping each other but it’s mainly in terms of like military alliance right Oh country is attack attacking me if you don’t help me now they’ll get you to so that’s usually how it went before those times occasionally there would be like material help especially in times of like salmon also but how we go about it nowadays you could really just trace it back to the end of World War two so a little bit of brief history here by 1944 Germany Japan is in retreat and the Allied nation got together and started thinking about what will happen to the world after the war so on given that so many countries are already like Headley devastated so the World Bank was formed it mainly it’s a zoo State International Bank for Reconstruction and Development sorry about that and the International Monetary Fund you know how should exchange rate work who should keep reserved things things of that nature which is outside the scope of this presentation the UN Charter was actually signed and so UN Charter was signed world two was one and then UNICEF and UNESCO came into being so at that time already there are some proto development agencies right France and UK have governmental agencies mainly to look at their oversea territory so their colonial holdings and at that time and 1948 after the wars over us a created the economic cooperation agency in orders to promote its Marshall Plan Secretary of State Marshall he used to be a u.s. General actually five star general in charge of World War two he saw this coming and when he looked at the status of countries in Europe he see

12:06 what it means for not only for Europeans but also for United States he says it’s logical that the United States should do whatever it’s able to do to assist in the return of the normal economic health to the world without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace and the idea is saying if people are so desperate and they can’t rebuild what you’re likely see is what happened after World War one where Germany forced to paid heavy reparation people are angry and then they push toward more tourism again so as long as there are people who are desperate forest and seed is that it’s not good for the United States because it has spent a lot of blood and treasure tooth wind a warm but now you to wind apiece so the spending for that is thirteen billion dollars which is in today’s term is a hundred thirty two billions right and you can see on the map there that practically all that fall into one side of the Iron Curtain right what happened in there is that Soviet Union basically say hey this is very capitalist looks like you’re trying to impose certain systems we’re not cool with that and they basically say every country where we have troops right you are going to reject the Marshall Plan and that’s why you don’t see any dollar signs to the right of the stern line Justin Smith asks 132 billion total in today’s dollars great so it’s officially known as the ninth is officially known as that European recovery program shorthands the Marshall Plan that’s what you’ll find out on when you look up Wikipedia and as part of it you repeal nations who received aid needs to come together and sign on to a court and agree to certain things so they formed the organization for European Economic Cooperation right and the main outcome there’s again some formatting the main outcome is that it did accelerate the recovery it’s not that the recovery would not have happened for those countries without the Marshall Plan but they greatly accelerated it often time bring the economies even higher than the pre-war levels same of agricultural games so a lot of the countries before they were I think at the end of World War two Germany could only produce 66 percent of the food that it needs and so afterwards it’s able to provide for itself and others and what that did in small part it wasn’t the main intention but it had that effect anyway was that accounted a spread of communist influence because the government’s who receives

15:09 Marsh who received aid under the Marshall Plan is able to show like improve Senate living faster recovery and that help counter some of the calmness like talking points at that time and though so through free trade there’s a number of rules that u.s. impose like frankly it says hey if you are gonna receive this aid you’re gonna drop certain trade barriers and so what that did is foster integration and it promoted the bedrock of free trade we see today it paved the way for the European Union it paved the way for NATO and so that was some of the contributions from that effort things that happen quickly afterward there’s rapid decolonization you know a lot of the former colonial powers are in no shape to maintain the control over their territories and so added with the moral impacts a people should be free to be self for self-determination that really drove rapid to colonization now of course not a lot of these countries are in a good shape you know after war or colonial ponderings so key point here 1958 the World Council of Churches circulated a statement around United Nations General Assembly and they argued that for the 1 percent target what that is is that grant so you know three aid and concessional loans very cheap loans to developing countries should be at least one percent of the national income and that really set the stage for some of the targets that we see today 1960 the development assistant group form right founded by Belgium Canada France Germany Italy Portugal UK and United States with Japan and nellams together their main idea the da G is really to focus on equitable sharing of aid effort and better coordination so the slide here say Oh II see remade into Oh seedy practically it was the same organization there are some change in the Charter but the key thing here is that hey look in terms of Organization for European Economic Cooperation let’s put in the word for oacd meaning Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development to highlight the development aspect of the focus after that an explosion of development agencies Canada Kuwait France USAID Germany they both have their own you know version of the USA but and also a Development Bank Japan came on board Sweden came on board Belgium Denmark Norway so within those three years all

18:10 those development agencies came into being and given their due attention by their respective governments so the Development Assistance community right it continued to grow and learn and the point of these charts is is actually just to show you how far the thinking had have come before you know though it was so 1948 was started the Marshall Plan is 1962 when people say oh we should report on this stuff right and only in 1963 did they say mmm maybe we should not do one-size-fit-all we should look at what the country actually need and fix the term so it’s reasonable for them 66 talk about oh hey we it would be really nice if we can learn from our experience and finally 1967 they start saying well a good metric would be to see what percentage of the national income are being you being sent out as development aid so these type of thinking took a long time to evolve so to further drive home that point right in 1969 what you will see there is that official official development assistant concept was first defined and so people say we need to separate this stuff we’re going to make sure that we’re not mixing in military aid with development assistance which is fair enough right because otherwise they might have like a country may have a lot of incentive to send military aid and still have that counted as official development and make them look good now don’t get me wrong peace and security is very crucial in fact it’s often the bedrock of making development possible but for the purposes of keeping track they want to separate the two and hence 1969 that’s when official development assistant concept was actually first defined and in 1970 this is where you also run into a lot of this research right the point seven percent target so the target is out of your national income and I’ll show you how that is calculate calculated later each country should send point seven percent of their national income and put it toward development assistance and in 1972 we had that definition which I’ve shown you earlier so again there’s a very good evolution of this and it still continues

21:11 1974 OPEC decided to raise oil prices 33 countries seriously affected because a lot of machineries depend on oil transportation depends on oil and so as a result economic growth has halted food production was down on the other hand Sweden is the first country in history of the world to hit that point second target at the same time at the same time Portugal withdrawal from the development assistant committee why did they withdraw well they actually in economic our time so they were true and they asked to be put on a list of developing countries and so they start getting help I’m gonna pause here I see some questions I’ll see if I could put them later or continue what kind of incentives what kind of sentence are there for increased foreign aid I’ll talk about application later on sandy how are we to integrate this I’m wondering why we’re learning the history if you’re gonna tell us in a sec just keep on going okay I think Maddie covered that part thanks Maddie okay last question for you guys when did the development assistant committee first held its first meeting on the integration of women in development process excuse me okay with 24 so far out of 36 I think we’re getting there perfect well let’s let’s let’s pause here so the the answer the answer is I’m going to put this in pull okay drag this to the side the answer is 1975 despite women being you know half the population in the world being in developing country or developed country it really took that long in order for people to say hey this is important let’s let’s talk about that let’s be more thoughtful about it same thing to talk about you know how are we going to help the poor people in the poor country or recognizing the fact that basic human

24:13 need you know having enough food water proper sanitation is itself a bedrock to economic growth to fuss further on 1980 talk about energy they emphasize on interdependence ninety eighty two finally they have the idea say hey why are we doing this let’s not wrecked environment right focus on sanitation came later and this is the final slide on on history I promise so that in eighty five they come and say hmm maybe we should strengthen private enterprises and move the market so that these country can quicker recover and then its own citizens can participate in its own development right and it’s not until eighty eight where they say these are the common principle for us to evaluate a project in order to say how effective they are so before all that time people just evaluate projects whichever way most often time evaluated in ways to make them like look good on you know in terms of diplomacy in terms of getting public support that sort of thing and finally the key development thing in 1991 was the banning of tied aid credits for reach rich country this was a big problem for a while it essentially works like this I’m the donor I am gonna give you really good loans provided that you buy stuff from us you could be buying food from us you could be you know paying money to our telecommunication company to celebrate telephone network so the United State was actually very angry at that because they didn’t play that way they’re saying that hey if we play that game we have tons of money we could totally win this game you want to do to do it this way but it’s not right and so after very prolonged negotiation in 1991 they were finally able to achieve good progress in untying of aid and that’s something that you par run into your research as well so what are the results right what do we have to show for all of this so this is from the gates Bill Gates he he published like gates letter and I’m gonna pick like four things from here and his main idea of having these four Graff is basically saying hey look things are working don’t let every don’t let anyone tell you that a doesn’t work right so again good buys there don’t in here what you see that polio vaccine has been incredibly effective in eradicating disease in this case polio so back in

27:16 1965 there’s 400,000 those are thousands cases each year and then the last case in the Americas is in 1994 and today we only have 37 cases so we are able through concern International FM coordination eliminate diseases another thing empowering women that’s the title that they chose the argument being that when women’s able to control to fit in and be actively involved in family planning they would have both better outcome for themselves and for their children how much mortality so define as total number of deaths in children under age of five have been drastically reduced even from 1990 until today and that’s a really big factor because the less likely your kid is what died the less likely your kid would die you know you generally aren’t as motivated to have more kids in your family and therefore you can spend more resources on them and extreme poverty is going extinct so what you see here is the red part shows the number of people living in extreme poverty define us you know living on less than a dollar ninety cents a day in 2015 purchases and powers right and so what you see that even as the population grew the percentage of people living in extreme poverty have been reduced and therefore those who are not in extreme poverty are able to participate in economy they’re able to participate in arts science commerce all these wonderful things we take for civilization Millennium Development Goals these are things you’ll see as well I don’t want to expound too much upon it but basically in 2002 2015 they set a bunch of go and say hey let’s take these steps with really clear metrics for each country and so that they can aim for it right for example eradicating extreme poverty or hunger make sure that there’s primary access to education you know promoting jenny wyeth and empowering women so there were eight goals in total reduce child mortality improvement ternal health combat hiv/aids malaria and other diseases ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global partnership strangely enough there metrics as Internet users I don’t ask me why that’s that’s what they chose but a conservative estimate footed that thanks to accelerated process progress 21 – nearly 30 million lives

30:20 were saved when otherwise if the trend have continued as they were they would have been dead so those are some of the result we have to show together us us the world really quick bit of definition you know why does your resolution focus on state actors I can only guess but but I think it’s a smart choice because you know there are many actors there’s international organizations intrastate you know UNICEF you have private foundations like Gates Foundation you have churches all of these things but the key thing here really is that government represents their people and they collected the taxes and determine how to spend them so it’s more meaningful perhaps to debate it from a policy standpoint how do we define a wealthy country so economists put a lot of farm to this there’s really two indicators that people like to look at and you’ll find it in the literature gross domestic product and so that’s the market value of goods and services produced so for example if I’m a farmer and I have a dozen eggs and someone at the end of the chain would buy that dozen eggs for two dollars and thirty cents maybe more of it it’s you know organic cage-free then that’s what it’s worth service haircut that has a value attached to it right so all of those services and goods put together counts towards the GDP but the newer one that people like to talk about and in fact where the point zero seven percent goal is peg is to the gross national income right so what that is is the GDP which I’ve just explained but you take into the fact that you have citizens abroad making money from those society and you have foreigners in your country earning money from you so you need to adjust for those things and that’s what gives you that gross national income by mouth sometimes top 10 countries 2014 by their gross national income you could take a quick look here United States China Japan Germany France right United Kingdom Brazil Italy India and Russia a lot of this I think almost everyone is in the g8 like oh think on the g8 or in here I could be wrong but they seem to be quite well represented top countries GNA per capita it’s it’s important to look at the G and I and divide by how many people you have so when you’re looking in this group this is the high-income group right and when you look at it this way you could see that Norway Switzerland Luxembourg for example a

33:21 it’s more wealthy for a person than United States in this regard so I mentioned the point 7 percent target earlier how many nations actually did achieve that goal and you can see here in 2015 there’s actually seven only 7 countries who are able to meet that target that was said at the UN and also affirmed by the DAC you can see certain countries here that are not part of the development assistant committee and then they are United Arab Emirates and Turkey so you can see that there are countries that also do their do their share Canada is 16 s on the and I need to check where United State is on that list in 2015 so the key point here is that you know while the history I gave is pretty Eurocentric your Anglo Eurocentric yeah I would say you know just be mindful that there are other countries out there that are wealthy and you could use that in part of your argument for or against Russia’s has been giving aid a lot even throughout the Cold War right because it warned to curry favor in order to encourage state to behave in a way that suits its interests China nowadays it’s also gives out quite a lot of foreign aid but the numbers is hard to find because the Chinese government considered that as a state secret but there I just read a very nice piece of research that using interesting math and statistics and going through people’s newspapers and whatnot they’re able to like eyeball how much aid the China gave and what kind of aid it is okay let’s pause here for a second and take some questions hey I need to drag history just too often debaters have arguments that void okay now is G&I accurate representation of overall wealth in a country hmm you can find a lot of feedback on economists about that they find that Jena is a good measure because you could you measure both productivity and flow of cash and so it takes into account remittances so a lot of country sends its people abroad you know for example in India and Bangladesh they say a lot of people in the Gulf states to work as laborers to build the World Cup stadiums for example Philippine sends a lot of workers abroad

36:21 Indonesia since large domestic worker so you need to like adjust for that and and Sochi and I seems to be a pretty good way other people argue that we need to look beyond just material wealth people you will see something called a Human Development Index you know which based upon life expectancy health education gender equality all of all sort of those factors and say how well-off a country is but since Human Development Index is not considered a representation of wealth I didn’t go in today and my presentation do you think countries should be able to choose what countries they want to support or will it be equally spread out between all the nations that are developing I’m going to hold on to that question so thank you Luis for that if I don’t answer it feel free to to come back okay which brings us to the last part right all blaa Gatien off of your be it be solved that statement your resolution so I sat down and thought about it and they are different types of obligation when you say you’re obligated what does it mean and so here are some possible obligations that you can consider in your debate right treaty obligation well no one has signed a treaty today saying that they will provide X amount of dollars what they have done by joining the development assistant committee the DAC is saying yes we think is important we we do want to promote so there’s a little bit of kind of credibility like you join a club that’s what you say you will do and even though it’s not a treaty obligation there is some normative right obligation to that like it’s a set of norm now you join this group you have an obligation now of course not all wealthy countries are part of that group so make of that what you will and that might be a good point in your debate legislative obligation so UK recently have faced has passed a law and I think that maybe what spurred this debate right they passed a law in 2015 to spend exactly or at least point seven percent at Agni for development aid and the UK’s International Development Secretary said this and a Manoa holder Hackl is tackling poverty oversea is about addressing the root cause of global challenges such as disease migration terrorism and climate change all of which are right things to do and firmly in Britain’s own national interests and then they met the target

39:23 they actually met the target 2014 but then it actually became law thanks to a private member bill so funny how how politics work none of the major parties want to promote it as for their platform but it took a private member to to bring it up there is then the moral obligation right moral obligation the arguments basically it is the right thing to do if we can relieve suffering and we have two means and it doesn’t put us in a big Seri jeopardy why not you look at world religion and a lot of those have both the theological basing and also the mechanism for people to help those who are less well-off right through instituted like charities Thai tithing there is I think part of you know what I’ll actually stop before I go into what a religion that would be wiser thing for me to do so but but more importantly when people say more obligation you should be careful you should dig into that what is the basis of right right because one of the big discussion while not discussion one prominent idea was basically say hey we have made it and by we this is back in the eighteen nineteenth century where the predominant power our European powers aren’t quite frankly like the white Christian powers and so they say it is our job to save people from their backwardness and it’s enshrined in a poem by Rudyard Kipling known as white man’s burden and then other people surely found out idea offensive and they came up with their own poem called black man’s burden and brown man’s burden you could go find it yourself and see which one has better you know poetic merits finally there’s the obligation to serve your own citizens interests even if you don’t really care about other countries well surely as a government you have an obligation to serve your own citizen interests you’re not and so that’s what’s part of the quote that you have heard and you can see from a bipartisan panel a that was published recently in the United States where where they where they say yes foreign aid is important for our security for our economic growth right and then also supports our values will kill me is it true I’ll let you decide but what does it really mean what what do people usually refer to when they say you have that type of obligation right sure relationship with certain countries can be strategic so that goes to to Lewis

42:23 points countries certainly have a tendency especially if they are colonial was an ex colonial part power to maintain that relationship by supporting those you know they’re like people feel their own population feel a connection due to that shared history good or bad Japan for instance with its own Constitution which heavily limits its military involvement so they is hard for them to use that in diplomacy they you realize on trade and foreign aid to further the diplomacy yes we have seen in the in the Marshall Plan and one of the things that do is that by getting countries to be behave in way you can encourage a certain order and people would argue that Pax Americana so like the American piece the current global trading system how ship skin cells on the see how there’s generally very little tariffs and good services and labor can move across it’s because we set up this international order that allows that to happen that people agree for this to happen and there is a very strong point you know if countries are weak then they cannot participate in advancing share global goals right they cannot help fight crime they cannot help fight a disease they cannot help fight terrorism and in fact they end up being breeding grounds for those theory things right and even when they’re not a country that is stronger are more resilient and so they’re better able to help themselves when it comes to natural disasters right earthquakes for example there’s a lot and and now you get to see tsunamis droughts and and many sorts of different things it’s all about building up the resilience ease of country so there’s certain interests in you helping another country so that they can help themselves so that when bad things happen you and aren’t in a position of having to like help too much more than you were able to but still then having the obligation to do so and that’s a fine balancing act and finally there’s this Vinko like the golden arches theory of conflict prevention right the the argument is that no two countries that have mcdonalds and went to war with each other ever since they got their own mcdonald’s the idea that under prep underlying premise is that when the country get rich enough to a middle class that likes mcdonald and then they’re tied into the global trading system they have more to lose by fighting a war and so you know next time if you take someone out on data and they’re interested in International theories you can be

45:23 justified to take them to McDonald’s maybe second date though so that being said sandy great question I’ll loop back to that later so that being said you know there are also very good counter arguments to and well there Friday of arguments counter arguments and then they’re on a spectrum of like kind of horrible you could find really easy ways to refute that or to the other end like hey that’s actually a very good point so one of the arguments that people tend to say and less and less now is that hey rich country deserve to be rich they were able II managed maybe they had a little bit of luck with natural resources but generally heck they deserved it you know and similarly you’re not the corollary of that is that the poor country can’t get their house in order so why should we help them to always be poor you know besides we have our own pocket problems to care about and when you think about it that way yeah you you can make a valid point say hey don’t we have enough problems already like I’m a Canadian but I’ve been here in the States for a while and so you know certainly people can see that you’re recovering from natural disasters Texas you also have Puerto Rico opioid epidemic wildfires in California now and also an economic downturn at the heartland so there’s certain things that people say hey we have our own problems secure about and that’s it’s a point that you can expand upon it’s not the government’s job some people may say well you know it’s not in the founding chart is not in the Constitution is not in the law we don’t agree that our system of government that this is something the government should take on right besides if us as a citizen want to support other countries why can’t we do it through other mechanism why can’t we do it through charity right or under foundations or UNICEF you know that’s not people can donate to them right now another part that the final view is kind of more more technicals right so some people say we have no obligation to provide development aid until we figure out a way to really really really prevent the waste maybe not all the ways but practically all the ways right because they there’s definitely some duplication mismanagement and even corruption as you can see from the history you know eight aren’t really being coordinated until 30 40 50 years and and we still aren’t doing it that well today and so there’s an argument on that front and there’s also argument that is being done from the wrong reason you know it’s maybe aid is being doled out because of a tie that practice of giving money to

48:25 somebody just so that they could buy your own goods to stimulate your economy so in the fact it is a subsidy for your own country people talk about oh it’s for influence you know you’re not really helping these people but you just want a multi base there for example or you want them to vote a certain way on Security Council um there’s other things to talk about like hey by supporting citizen let’s say in Ghana you helped win the Ghanaian folks here at home I don’t know how effective that would be I got a feeling money’s better spent but people have made that argument before and and it comes down to the two one that you can act as sorry let me start over and then they’re kind of like three more reasons of why the wealthy country shouldn’t be doing this right one it breeds dependency it distorts the economy it supports inept government and in a way isn’t that just imperialism and if we really want to help them shouldn’t we rather lower our trade barrier and remove unfair trade practices you know wouldn’t that make a bigger impact and that’s kind of the argument made in book called debt aid which is a very good resource you one look into that finally I didn’t have points on this slide but he says hey we have enough for everyone we have enough food for everyone where everyone can be clothed everyone can be fed they can be war it is capitalism that’s the problem ah you could argue that I don’t know how far you would get in a debate format with that argument basically my thinking on that is even if you remove it how do you put in them how do you put in the mechanism so that people motivated to produce the right things and then deliver it to the right people right and that comes back down to like the the problems of a command economy so that says is actually my last slide it’s a 554 I’m sorry for going way over time but I hope I make up for it by answering questions along the way which I’ll take more questions now and I’m happy to go longer if if this is permitted rate so when the supporting and developing infrastructure revert back to imperialism excellent question sandy so it comes down to how participatory is you know there used to be a day way to say oh you don’t have water I’ll build you a well you’re welcome you know like that was B in the old days of development nowadays and the organizations that I’ve been part of really takes take this to heart is to say hey before we do anything let’s talk to them let’s learn about their needs

51:25 let’s involve them in the creation of these solutions and let them be the driver you know we could be providing the funds we could be providing the science or the technical assistance right but we really want it to be a partnership we really want them to have ownership so that they can succeed and so the answer of when does it goes back to imperialism is when it’s being done wrong and that’s my opinion I should say that despite being staffed for international development enterprise I should have said this very early that all opinions are my own hey let’s see looks like more people are typing questions if I could drag that question down so I could see more questions people are thinking about what to type okay can you elaborate a little bit more on the dependency point oh wait hold on let me try to take it in orders where what private donor fit into this situation from Lois so I mean in the in the discussion of your resolution right they are part of wealthy countries especially if they are a national organization but here’s the thing if you guys gonna have a debate you guys have to like be able to like agree on some terms so where would they fit in this situation private donors they do good work for example they can decide to give to our organization for us to carry our programs right IDE International Development Enterprises is funded both by bilateral so all those lists of development agencies earlier but also private donors and also you know charitable institutions like Gates Foundation’s and so on and so forth and so they do provide money they are more flexible in terms of where the monies to be spent because it’s their money there’s usually less laws and and and less public opinion surrounding to it you know if people don’t like what they doing they just won’t donate to these private donors private institutions to give money in the first place but in terms of Oda like calculating official development

54:26 assistance private donor is not counted in that and so your metrics you’ll have a harder time finding metrics for that I hope I answer that question sandy what about governments that have more authoritative forms of government where then it could be an issue of listening to less trustworthy leaders yes that certainly is a problem so if you if the recipient government is more authoritative right back in the days back especially in the Cold War days they would say hey here’s some money I know you authoritative but as long as your arm outside that’s fine and you could spread it out however you want right like oftentimes they would divert it but oftentimes the donor countries will also say hey you know our citizens are not happy about how you are handling this aid we gave you we would like to see more transparency we like to see more participation and so it’s really a political tug-of-war right you can expect authoritarian governments in general receive less aid then once that are more democratic from democratic countries there’s always exceptions right as you can see from chart Egypt receive a lot aid but because it is strategically important can you elaborate a bit on a dependency point by Kennedy huge yes I can so there is this situation of dumping right let’s say back in back in the day the World Food Program gets donation and the money’s then used to purchase food the food is then given to people so the problem there is that the donor money enough to buy food grown in the donor countries right so the farmers in that country benefits and then it would then send that food to the recipient country the downside of that is that well when you have so much food in that country it then the prices goes down then it’s farmers suffer because it has to compete with cheaper food right for example and it had much chance of like damaging their industry especially if it’s too new and developing but same thing goes for textile same thing goes for other types of technology and aid right if you give people too much and instead of helping them figure out how develop those technologies institutions themselves then they’ll always be asking for you right and and so that’s why that is the key thing does disaster relief count us development assistance so if

57:31 you go by the definition of the Oda I interpret it to be no because usually disaster relief is making sure people are alive right like they have enough – whether through the initial period it’s not its target for welfare right that’s human terian aid but does it translate to economic development right so it’s like stopping the bleeding versus making the person have more muscles I could do more push-ups that’s that’s my way thinking if you find another interpretation and I’m wrong let me know Sarah French interesting that resolution just say development assistant doesn’t specify the countries that are lacking or needed mmm I don’t know how that’s a good observation I’ll let you guys ask the debate organizers about that David Edwards what sort of conditions might be said on aid all sorts of condition all sorts of conditions and it’s becoming more loose over time so I would say conditions on a used to be like Oh again you have to buy our stuff will give you ages to set up roads and bridges but you have to hire our guys that buy steel from us so on and so forth that’s usually one type but there’s other types right like hey you got to make sure that women are not discriminate against you got to make sure that minorities are not being discriminate against you got to make sure that there’s transparency so in terms of conditions there’s some that are more and some that are just like good practices right people want to have accountability people want to know you have done what you say you would do with that amount of money and people want to see progress so sometimes it can be related to the age you’re giving but some time it’s like hey I’ll give you money but improve the human rights you know they’re certain you will find many examples of both types of conditions can you revisit Lewis can’t use first question I might have scroll back up there’s a lot of when do you think country oh is it D do you think country should be able to choose what countries they want to support or would be spread out between all the nations that are developing okay so do I think I personally think countries should be able to choose right because they are national government it should reflect the will of the people and so the only

1:00:35 time where they are more or less like forced is if those government have joined an organization or bind to some sort of treaty to help people based upon need then you’re basically agreeing to a rule set right like hey that’s my agreement I will help whoever needs help the most according to this process that we agree to right so in that’s how that’s what I think about it how thus disaster Sarah French how much waste or abuse do you see now I personally don’t see a lot thankfully thankfully the organizations that I work with and Happiness associated with or like haven’t known they did not have much waste or abuse but you can certainly find no shortage of case studies where it you can’t categorize it this way sir or abuse and so both prompt coke so both pros and cons side you should do your homework I’m not going to do your homework for you or that one conditions like privatizing state-owned industries Susan worse yes that sometime is a condition to but it may not be directly related to a certain aid package you know and maybe like oh we’ll give you this aid package and behind the scene when you negotiate with the IMF you’ll agree to this other stipulation and so you don’t really know what’s taking place behind the scene you might want to look at a book called confessions of an economic hitman so it’s written by this guy and the basic premises he go around the country products and stuff and getting them to agree to things that actually hurt the recipient country’s interest in order to benefit the donor or other powers that be and Susan you’re really reading that rate so yeah that’s a good starting point Oh does title I’ll type it out yeah con sessions and I think it man’s word Justin Smith I think there should be some sort of law with him dis that make sure those country really failing can’t be overlooked but that’s just my opinion that’s very good like that would be I agree with the sentiment and the thing question is what is the authoritative body you know the UN General Assembly certainly have moral authority but you know it past a lot of resolution and it’s not binding Security Council is the only one that can pass binding resolutions and enforce it but they usually don’t concern themselves with

1:03:38 [Music] what point does development assistant actually hit the mark and have tangible in percentage-wise I don’t think I understand the question we lame are you asking at work what percent that each country should give as part of this gni in order for it to have the desired result yes so first I would agree with Justin that would vary by each of the recipient countries need point seven percent actually the one percent came about in England way before World War two because someone wants to include it into their party election platform and then economists calculated that hey at this rate given these are the wealthy countries and given this is how much they make then everyone needs to give point seven percent in order to satisfy the development need of the people that aren’t that are still developing what percentage do we need now I don’t know that’s that’s a good question good I think so