AP Prep Webinar #6: Reconstruction & Gilded Age, Tom Richey
0:00 and they give them the certificate and as long as they go out there they live on the land and they improve it they start a farm then they get that and so six hundred thousand families move out to Kansas and Nebraska in order to take advantage of this free land one of those groups was the Exodus these were thousands of african-american families that left the south after the failure of radical reconstruction they went to Kansas now what I want to note here though is and this is very important for the for the exam because you want to know internal and external migrations most African Americans after the Civil War stayed in the south and it wasn’t until World War one that you’ve got the great migration of african-americans from the south then
0:45 there’s the Morrill land-grant Act in 1862 which created these land-grant colleges and universities Clemson University where I live is one of those places and these are what you call a A&M schools now there are a lot of a and M schools that aren’t a and M per se like Texas A&M agriculture and mechanical you know they’re they call themselves that now Louisiana State University LSU you know that is you know basically Louisiana State Agricultural and Mechanical College and so you know Clemson University was an A&M school and even though they don’t call themselves Clemson A&M their roots are in this where they were tell that they were setting up the study of Agriculture the mechanical arts and note military tactics okay that in 1862 remember that
1:33 conventional wisdom said that the North was not on its way to winning the Civil War and so you know in 1862 they’re thinking you know these you know these southern guys came up and learned military tactics and then I went down and let the Confederate military and their thing we’ve got a spread knowledge of military tactics out a little bit more and so as far as that goes now note the times of these over the dates of these okay so you’ve got you know this is in 1862 for some reason it’s not moving oh yeah that’s just a little trolling a USC fans just a little bit there but we want to note here that the Homestead Act 1862 the Morrill land act 1862 and also the Pacific Railway Act that we’ll get into but these is a
2:20 map of land-grant colleges and universities now next this Indian land okay so the thing is how do we get how does the United States get land from the Indians and so this was the Dawes Act in 1887 now the Dawes Act as opposed to the Dawes plan now the Dawes plan is a totally unrelated thing in the 1920s where the United States is trying to help Germany pay their war debt and also collect the debts that the Allies that France and Britain owed us so with the Dawes Act reservations were broken up and tribal lands were distributed individual Indian families and why are they going to do that well that opens the rest of this land to white settlement and so is the surplus lands and what used to be the Indian Territory
3:07 which is now the state of Oklahoma is open up to white settlement now of course I’ve you ever wonder where the Oklahoma Sooners get their Sooners get their name it’s because there were some people that when the Oklahoma land rush happened they got there well sooner and so they didn’t wait until April 22nd and the goal here now Indian policy is very important here because when you look at the dolls act their goal here is to assimilate the Indian side to help them to integrate into mainstream American culture now this is something that you know you see here the Carlisle Indian School they would take these boys and they would put him in these boarding schools they would get in the room with somebody that’s from a different tribe you know this is something that is you know no longer a I’ve you know policy of the United States government but this
3:55 was the focus until FDR it was FDR that actually brought back the reservation system but between between this time between the 1880s in the 1930s and this was the policy of the United States government to direct Indian tribes towards civilization I mean towards assimilation okay so transcontinental railroads ladies and gentlemen and so the Transcontinental railroads you know the US government basically did something that was kind of unprecedented now remember during the Gilded Age the American system National Bank internal improvements protective tariffs okay now in 1860 this is what we look like I’m and then the question is how do we put together these two sections of the
4:42 country in order to create a national market and now this kind of goes into differing you know thoughts in America on how this is done you know that Jefferson was always an advocate of laissez-faire that a market will develop on its own without government assistance whereas Hamilton believed in government action that the government needs to provide some assistance of you know to the marketplace in order to further business activity and so with the civil war that is when the Jeffersonians a lot of them are leaving a lot of them were in the south so when this when this legislation starts passing is during the American Civil War that secession really represented a major Hamiltonian triumph
5:27 and that’s where the Republican Party was not only a Free Soil party but a party of industry and big business so again another piece of 1862 legislation that the government through the Pacific Railroad Act was granting subsidies to corporations for constructing railroads now a subsidy is when you give somebody money or something else on in order to produce a result a desired result so your parents may subsidize your grades you know if you make good grades some of you might have at some point or another your parents gave you some money good work and so this was and this represents a big turning point in the history of the United States because the first time that the federal government had given
6:12 money directly to corporations for internal improvements so we’re really seeing that Hamiltonian vision I’m Henry Clay’s vision of having a country that is industrializing I’m really starting to triumph over this Jeffersonian vision now what would happen is the federal government for every mile of track they would give land they would break the land into these square miles and one square mile would be kept by the federal gov and another one would be granted to the railroad company so that they could sell that land to pay for the tract and so a lot of this was paid for by by these government subsidies with the land grants and so as far as that goes ladies and gentlemen let’s see so we’ve got we’ve got that now on one hand they got
6:59 you know when they drove the Golden Spike there it was very fast okay it created something fast but at the same time there was a lot of land given away by the federal government to note this and the Democrats at this time we’re saying look I mean look how much the people’s land has been given away as a result of this so you know there’s a lot of corruption involved here and that’s the thing that you know when it comes down to it there may be some economic advantages of government and corporations getting together in order to you know in order to further the marketplace but a lot of times that creates some corruption on a level that we really had not seen you know before the Civil War the Credit Mobilier scandal you know it’s somebody figured out that I can start a construction
7:45 company and I can use this to D for all the government since the government’s giving money to these corporations and so as far as that goes you see the government subsidies go Union Pacific and then to de crédit Mobilier and you know you see where the people’s money has been used now to kind of double pay this you know this Union Pacific guy now Congress in a lot of ways you know where’s Congress at this time and this is contributing to some of the the understandings here that people had about about government I’ve now the Congress I might have shown this let’s say I showed this to somebody recently but the bosses of the Senate cartoon okay this is something that is you know frequently you to refer to on
8:32 exams okay so this cartoon here if we look at all right what have we got here google has changed the way that they do these things and I’m not really happy with the way they did that used to be able to go directly to the image and they kind of quit that all right so as far as this goes this is a Senate of the monopolist by the monopolists and for the monopolist you see that the people’s entrance is closed and we see the congressman here and then we see all of the trust the sugar trust the iron trust the Standard Oil Trust gets a little barrel there for its shirt the copper trust the steel being trust and the monopolist are really the ones who are getting to control things and they’re having a say so there’s this
9:18 perception you know as the government is you know you start to see this cooperation between corporations and the government one of the big myths ladies and gentlemen about the Gilded Age is a lot of people think that the Gilded Age was a time of laissez faire okay that the Gilded Age is about laissez faire the Gilded Age wasn’t about laissez faire I mean this is the government basically openly I’ve you know cooperating with corporations so let’s go ahead and take a look at this now who actually built the railroads now as far as those who were building the railroads you had the Union Pacific in the Central Pacific now you know this is these are corporations that are funded by the government private corporations getting government money and then the laborers
10:05 now the Union Pacific Railroad is going east to west okay is going east to west and I don’t know if that goes around the camera it looks like it’s backwards but east to west and I think about it a lot of Irish laborers okay so a lot of people who had been Union veterans now the Central Pacific Railroad Central Pacific California Chinese workers and so that’s the way I remember that is they all start with AC but yes and the the Transcontinental Railroad now what were the three points okay so Dallas the the Henry Henry Clay’s American system National Bank internal improvements protective tariffs now what I’m gonna do here is a nip okay a nip that’s how I remember that okay I think y’all are just playing around because we had Keith Hughes there and then now we’ve got John
10:51 Green you know so oh my goodness that is that is pretty hilarious all right so as far as that goes that was Henry Clay’s American system National Bank internal improvements protective tariffs and so we got two okay so when I address these questions I and actually press on okay so as far as that goes the Clayton Antitrust Act okay Thomas Ritchie I don’t know if that’s his real name but we’ll see I’m the Clayton Antitrust Act now the thing to remember okay is you know when we think about the so-called Gilded Age versus the Progressive Era okay now the dividing line is about 1900 all right we’re about it’s not like you know official or whatever but in the late 19th century at the Sherman Antitrust Act the Sherman Antitrust Act
11:36 was a very weak piece of antitrust legislation and so as far as that uh yeah yeah it wasn’t actually Keith okay but the Clayton Antitrust the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed during the Gilded Age and it was really to respond to public outcry about these trusts okay now what is a trust a trust is a cooperation between several businesses where they get together now the thing is a monopoly is when one business is starting to you know one one particular corporation has a corner in a market okay which you know that’s a monopoly a trust is when several businesses in the same sector they get together and what
12:22 they do is they decide instead of competing with each other they’re like hey you know what why don’t we set the price for this here and we’ll all set this price because otherwise we could compete each other out of existence and now the thing is competition is good for the consumer okay competition is good for the consumer but it’s not necessarily great for the people producing so a trust is an effort to try to get the producers together and get them to agree on a price and on a way of doing things it’s kind of like I’ve you know on Clemson game days and we my wife and I we work a parking lot and so people park their cars and you know we charge their money now there are about four different groups that are working
13:08 parking lots in this area yeah I’m not talking about slots right now but I’d be yeah I will put the slides back up there and I start talking about that I’m just answering questions at the moment so as far as that goes we get together with the other three groups that are you know selling parking and we all agree on a price and then we decide this this lot this lot this lot of it in this lot we rotate okay so the thing is for the consumers for the people that are coming in in their parking they would be best off if we were competing with each other and we were trying to deliver the lowest price and instead we get together and we get this yes Caroline B exactly go Tigers alright so as far as that goes the Sherman Antitrust Act was weak like the government needed to show that hey
13:54 we’re passing legislation to stop trust and then you have on the other side in the Progressive Era the Clayton Antitrust Act which was strong okay B Sherman Antitrust Act is weak and the Clayton Antitrust Act is strong okay um yes the Sherman Antitrust Act okay so what happened here is that the way that labor unions work okay and that’s another combination okay so a trust is a combination of business interest whereas a labor union is a combination of labor now both trust and labor unions are ways to manipulate the marketplace you know because they’re tried the business is trying to maximize their profit Labor’s trying to maximize their wages now what
14:41 happens when business is trying to maximize their profits Labor’s try to maximize their wages both of those are happening at the expense of the at the expense of the consumer but at the same time you know certainly labor unions have a place I in the sense that you know if we didn’t happen you probably wouldn’t you know make a living wage and a lot of things here all right so I’m hearing that there may be some folks that want to talk about let’s see it is dude all right so as far as that goes now the Chinese Exclusion Act deaf now one thing we can note about the Chinese Exclusion Act uh this was yeah this was in the 1880s now a lot of times now if you want to remember the exact year for the AP exam a lot of these things Kinsey I would agree with that statement that
15:26 is a great that is a great show I’m but the 1880s typically enough now if you know like 1880 or awesome but before the Chinese Exclusion Act the United States had never excluded a category of immigrants now one thing that we always want to that we always want to remember there’s never really been an immigrant group that was not you know white and Protestant that has been like enthusiastically welcomed in the United States there are so many people today they’re just like oh my goodness I can’t believe people aren’t welcoming immigrants on but when you look at US history there is a long history of not welcoming immigrants now the chat now the Irish you know they got here and they look at the wall ads and it said no
16:11 Irish need apply but the Irish weren’t kept from coming into the country so the Chinese Exclusion Act you know once the railroads were already built the reason for that immigration you know that need for labor kind of dried up but the Chinese immigrants kept coming and so as far as that went you know there were people out west that were concerned and they got Congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act which which banned any Chinese immigration so this was the first categorical ban on a group of immigrants now in Japan remember they did a what’s called a gentlemen’s agreement between the United States and Japan so we did not formally like by law on create an exclusion for Japanese immigrants but we made a little deal with the Japanese government okay so
16:59 we’ve got you taking care of their deaf all right I’m and so what I what I see here okay what I see here is Deb is asking about the about the Haymarket Riot but first of all let’s uh let’s just quickly go into like the entrepreneurs okay like when we think about like the captains of industry and that are you know that are that are coming around during this time you know your Rockefellers your Carnegie’s your you know JP Morgan’s you want to remember that we start to see like very very large corporations here that we haven’t really seen before and you know of course some of them are getting favors from the government and all of that kind of stuff now john d rockefeller I tell you I like that I could talk about john d rockefeller for a long time because he you know he
17:45 really did not you know when it comes down to it it’s not like somebody handed him a monopoly um you know it was really in terms of you know he did it because he was better than everyone else at it um you know when you look at you know John D Rockefellers monopoly or kind of monopoly cuz he really only owned about 95 percent it’s not like he owned all of it but he you know he owned at the turn of the 20th century Standard Oil Company controlled about ninety five ninety three ninety five percent of the refineries now you might think okay that’s going to that’s cool what do you hate about rockefeller I’m a Breanna I’d be interested to know about that and so when it comes down to it now remember that Ida Tarbell was a muckraker all right so the thing is the muckrakers
18:30 when we look at those sources they write these things as smear pieces okay so yeah I mean itit Argyll’s work you know became very very popular okay so as far as that goes you know it’s like before that Rockefeller was actually a popular guy before out of tarpals book came out why because the oil was better and the oil was cheaper see we can’t really think about this now I’ve got some students who swear that they’re scared of their car blowing up at the gas station but the thing is I never worried about that before john d rockefeller came around you know your car or not you didn’t have a car back then sorry about that before he came around there were no cars right but you know basically it this oil that you use to heat your house you never knew when it might explode
19:15 because it wasn’t refined properly and so john d rockefeller who had been prospecting for oil decided you know what why don’t I try refining it kind of like when levi-strauss on decided that that I’m going to make jeans for these people instead of panning for gold and so when levi-strauss you know did that’s like he made money and john d rockefeller started refining oil and he got good at it and he said that I’m refining oil for the poor man and I want him to have it cheap and good and so because of john d rockefeller now Standard Oil when we think about it standard means like here standard below standard below standard is bad above you know standard above standard is good and stowe when you when you bought Standard Oil you knew that was refined right you knew that it wasn’t gonna blow up and it was
20:02 cheaper than the oil had been before that and so the consumer you know actually gained a great deal from what john d rockefeller did you know also john d rockefeller was involved in philanthropy all right so a lot you know Rockefeller and Carnegie they were involved in philanthropy now philanthropy remember that this is a specific investment in lie in society like it’s not charity all right so charity is when I give to somebody without regards to any kind of you know any kind of social good so when I see somebody on the street and I feel sorry for them I give them some money I’m trying to alleviate their personal suffering philanthropy is when you give
20:48 to somebody like somebody’s a talented artist so I’m going to give something to them to help them study you know I want to give money to a university I want to give money to cure diseases or to start libraries or something like that so philanthropy yeah that’s the gospel of wealth Jessica when Andrew Carnegie was writing about the gospel of wealth you know john d rockefeller said god gave me my money now some people take that out of context I mean what our john d rockefeller say and he was a very you know religious guy and rockefeller felt like he had some kind of obligation to give back so if you’ve never had if you’ve never had yellow fever for example which would be all of you because we don’t get yellow fever anymore anybody know why we don’t get yellow fever we don’t get yellow
21:34 fever because john d rockefeller yes john d rockefeller uh you know was you know was was funding this research that got rid of yellow fever and well and the other thing is you know Bree says philanthropy makes it okay yeah so some people are born destined to riches remember social Darwinism this idea that you know it’s like people are you know people of talent are going to rise up the Horatio Alger stories where you’ve got you know ragged dick I’m who is shining shoes and stuff like that yeah so so as far as that goes we’ve got we’ve got that yeah the survival the fittest I’m you know I think that social social Darwinism gets a bad rap because the guy that you know wrote the book on social Darwinism Richard Hofstadter um was you
22:22 know he wasn’t a he wasn’t a friend of the free market and so you really kind of see his his prejudice coming out there that it has you know gotten a you know gotten a bad rap even though it’s largely a philosophy of like non-intervention and Stowe it’s fall you first day you goes
23:08 you ladies and gentlemen uh you know there were a lot of people that resented Rockefeller and Carnegie even though they had actually you know done a lot of things that were you know good for society as far as making things more you know making products more plentiful and making those products better all right so as all of that goes odds yeah guilt Reggie I would say that Gilded Age presidents you know I would not I would not focus too much on that they call these presidents the forgettable presidents so I wouldn’t really focus too much on those Gilded Age presidents I mentioned the Credit Mobilier scandal already all right so as far as that goes let me let me show you
23:55 real quick on the labor violence okay so the thing is I’ve got a little chart here and I’ll make sure to I share that on there are four examples of labor violence during this time okay and yes Upton Sinclair wrote the jungle like Ida Tarbell Upton Sinclair was you no was it you
24:44 amok you breaker you you and what’s you interesting you
25:34 think about you often see you player you during the you recipe you
26:24 you’re a heat you you want you aha you I like you the problem you
27:14 almost you immigrant poverty pretty and you
28:04 so he wrote you this book you the jump you uncle we which is you
28:55 action you that it’s big you based on you I guess you his officer you
29:45 Vasia you it’s there you you and he you he was you
30:35 looking you before you or do you he wanted the highway you
31:25 like the M you repop you pretty you kaga you Oh you
32:15 and you what happened you but though you as people you
33:15 read this you Vulcan you they’re like
34:15 oh my you goodness that you that’s nasty how they’re making that meat and so the public outcry wasn’t about immigrant poverty the public outcry was that they wanted the government to inspect the meat and so yes so even though Upton Sinclair wasn’t trying to get a meat inspection act that’s what happened as a result of Upton Sinclair’s the jungle now let me go into the what’s going on with the labor unions now that’s another thing about the Progressive Era versus the the Gilded Age versus the Progressive Era you’ve really got a change in the way
35:01 that people are thinking about labor unions you know labor unions I had a very bad reputation among the public in the late 19th century you know there was a perception that they were dominated by by immigrants and anarchists and communists and socialists on but in during the Progressive Era labor unions become more mainstream now to break strikes lockouts now these are things that companies did to break strikes you would just lock the workers out because typically the workers are living paycheck to paycheck they don’t have any savings you lock them out you see ok well you want to strike let’s see how long you can do that and then you could bring in scabs now the way I remember scabs is that a scab forms over a wound to keep it from bleeding so scabs are replacement workers yellow-dog contracts
35:48 now today it is not legal to make somebody sign something as a condition of employment saying that they will not join a union but at that time they could make people sign these and you know if you joined a union then you’re violating the conditions of your employment and you can be dismissed because of that blacklist all right so if somebody was causing trouble then they would be you know they would be blacklisted and then finally the Pinkerton Detective Agency okay so that those are the strike breakers now one thing I want to show you that I’d like to show you here is that the instances of labor violence now somebody wanted to talk about the Haymarket affair okay so the Haymarket affair otherwise called the Haymarket Riot or the hay marek market Massacre
36:34 started in 1886 in Chicago Haymarket Square now the way I remember this is that if any of you like basketball should Tango’s professional basketball teams called the Chicago Bulls and so Chicago used to be a cattle town so Haymarket cows eat Hays right paper cows eat hay hay is for horses all right so the Haymarket Riot or massacre in 1886 in Haymarket Square and they were they were started as an eight-hour work day protest and it included a lot of German workers in fact the Flyers were in two languages okay so you see here a mass meeting tonight at 7:30 and then you see at the bottom Achtung arbiter mime do you know whatever that says in
37:19 German I’m but the Knights of Labor okay so the Knights of Labor were involved in this and they were one of the first large labor organizations now here’s the thing the way that the Sherman Antitrust Act was used against labor unions is that you had some of these labor unions that had hundreds of thousands of members and so the way that these trusts were defined by the church Sherman Antitrust Act that if all of these little bitty unions are working together then that is you know what I mean that’s technically a kind of trust and so you know during the Gilded Age the Sherman Antitrust Act was used more often against labor unions than it was against businesses now the thing is the Clayton Antitrust Act specifically exempted
38:05 unions but you can see here where I mean it’s like some of these unions had you know just a lot of people there and so now note I’ve got here the am flyer and the PM fire now notice in the middle of the am flyer at least at the bottom right before that horizontal line there and we see here working men arm yourselves and appear in full force now arm yourselves doesn’t necessarily mean that you’re going to do violence there are you know sometimes armed demonstrations where they don’t you know it’s bark not bite they don’t actually plan and do anything but what I call the p.m. flyer is they’ve got another version the flyer that they decided to take that off you know so they’re like you know what we’re not gonna encourage people to be armed at this thing we want
38:51 this thing to be respectable now what happened though is somebody showed up a little more than armed and set off a pipe bomb which killed officer Matthias Deegan now it’s all fun and games until a cop gets killed and so once I you know basically I’ve you know these people that were in this Haymarket Riot they were seen as people that were working I mean they’re just they’re a bunch of cop killers and communists anarchists socialists you see that all of these guys were these leaders of this were German and so they’re seen as you know being troublesome you know troublesome immigrants that are trying to overthrow the capitalist system of production now one thing we want to note here now there are some others here and if we think
39:36 about this I’ve got a little chart that I’ll make sure to share with y’all on that these are the four instances of labor violence in the late 19th century so you’ve got the great railroad strike of 1877 where we’re basically on the federal government used military force to intervene on the basis of the Commerce Clause because the railroads are engaged in interstate commerce the federal government has authority over interstate commerce so therefore the federal government can intervene to stop this strike the Haymarket affair you see the decline of the Knights of Labor as a result of this now the Homestead Strike I tell you what at the Carnegie steel mill now Carnegie wasn’t
40:23 managing this in person I think he might even been in Scotland at the time I’m Henry Clay Frick was his manager Henry Clay Frick was probably the worst named person that’s ever existed you know you think you name your kid Henry Clay and he’s gonna be a compromiser probably a pretty nice guy this guy was just the opposite and this led to what they called the Battle of Homestead where several people were killed because Frick had brought in you know Pinkerton detectives and you know this group of hired thugs gets into it with the workers and several people are killed now finally on the Pullman Strike the Pullman railcar company you know during the panic of 1893 the Pullman Company they load they low
41:09 wages but they didn’t lower the rent and so with that there was that guy there’s that perennial candidate too you know always runs on he runs sometimes he ran for governor of New York on the rent is too damn high party I’m and so as far as that goes it kind of reminds me of that Jimmy McMillan because you know they’re complaining about the rent you know that their rent is too high because their wages have gone down and that is another invocation of the Commerce Clause now a few people that you need to note here ok we want to kind of associate some names with these movements Eugene V Depp’s who was a socialist labor leader and a fan of industrial unionism where basically
41:55 all of the workers in an industry organized without regard to any kind of skill or trade or anything like that whereas craft unions they’re organized by their specific craft and because remember unions are more effective the more skill you have okay so the reason why they have you know teachers unions or welders unions and stuff like that these are people who you know they they have skills that you know you can’t just train somebody be a teacher you know in a day or two now fast food restaurants typically don’t have unions because those workers you know tend to be you know replaceable and easily trainable and so Eugene B Deb’s was a socialist
42:41 labor leader and there were elements of labor union labor movement that you know really were trying to undermine the you know the so-called capitalist mode of production on several times Eugene V Debs campaign for president now note here that Eugene V Debs is being pictured here with you know with an african-american man that he rejected platforms that called for racial segregation and the like there he is running for president from in 1920 after he’s arrested for violating the Espionage and Sedition Acts now then there’s the American Federation of Labor now Samuel Gompers really kind of revolutionized the way people thought about labor now again see Eugene P Debs was a socialist he wanted
43:28 to bring down you know this American market economy Samuel Gompers really you know changes this sort of rhetoric and what golfer’s did you know he founded this association of craft unions which only catered to skilled white men as leaders and what as members and what golfer’s was doing here was what’s called bread-and-butter unionism that essentially as long as we can get higher wages less hours better working conditions this is something that you know Gompers said that that’s fine we don’t want to undermine the American economy or the American system of production and Samuel Gompers you know is really responsible for mainstreaming mainstreaming this okay
44:15 and making it to where this eight-hour workday is the goal here okay is like we wanted eight-hour workday and we want more money but we don’t want to undermine the American system of production in the American free market economy and now one thing here I’ve seen similar cartoons on dbq’s before and you can see here what’s going on is one of the things that limited the effectiveness of the labor movement in the late 19th century was that there were so many smaller labor movements that you know basically they didn’t have a leader they didn’t have a common goal or a shared vision and so you know you think about Eugene Debs and then Samuel Gompers they’re not trying to do the
45:01 same things here okay so as far as that goes ladies and gentlemen let’s look at some questions and let’s target these questions more toward the Progressive Era now of course I can talk about the populace for a little bit we’ve had a few uh you know we’ve had a few questions about the about the populace all right so as far as that far as that goes all right so let’s see what we’ve got here yeah as far as this goes these these webinars are always available afterwards on the Bill of Rights Institute’s YouTube channel if you’re asking about the ones that I’m doing they’ll be available on my youtube channel so yeah anything that’s out here in public this week if
45:46 you’re having to miss it on account of something else and you want to watch it or listen to it later then that is than that is fine okay and let’s see Maddy will answer some of these procedural questions that are that are coming up here all right so yeah we’ll we’ll talk about the first Red Scare in conjunction with world we’ll do a little bit of foreign policy and then you got the 1920s and stuff it’s one of the next two days we can we can ask about that all right so ladies and gentlemen let’s talk about the you know just quickly on the populace okay so I want to note the populace and their you know their most important platform issues okay now the populist party was a was a party that was founded by farmers
46:31 okay now populism is something that we see a lot we see you know it’s like I mean a populist movement is anything that appeals to the masses and it’s not there’s not really one form of populism if you look at the 2016 election you know Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders you know each used you know used populism in their own you know in their own ways you know even though they’re you know they’re targeting a different sort of populist you know a different sort of group they’re somebody’s feeling the Bern um no no the populist don’t equal the progressives okay so let’s talk about real quick the you know the populist party okay so this was a political party founded by farmers now at this time uh you know the United States was starting to industrialize on
47:18 to urbanize and the farmers feel like they’re being left behind okay so the People’s Party the populist you know they were southern and western farmers that were trying to influence the government this was a third party anything that’s not like within the confines of the two-party system now they had political and economic reform proposals okay so on one hand they’re political reform proposals now when we talk about the populist and the progressives now the populist were rural farmers the progressives were middle-class urbanites you know who incorporated a lot of populist ideas so if you look here the direct election of senators that there is more popular
48:05 democracy this is something that the progressives took up this is the 17th amendment they wanted a secret ballot the populist one a secret ballot so that they were I’m you know so that they weren’t pressured to vote for somebody like to vote for the owner of the factory or something like that and then ballot initiatives they wanted to bring things to bring things up you know they do a lot of this in California where people can collect signatures and they go right around the legislature and so you know they want more political democracy and really this the 17th amendments done a great deal to to change the Senate they thought they’d make it more democratic but really what’s happened is you know now a lot of these senators instead of having to
48:51 answer to their states they answer to a lot of corporations that are giving them up that are giving them campaign money from all over the country but economic reform proposals now they wanted a graduated or progressive income tax where people who were making more money would also pay a higher percentage of their wages and they wanted this to to impact the rich basically this is a tax the rich kind of kind of program and then the unlimited coinage of silver now this is the big kicker here the unlimited coinage of silver otherwise known as bimetallism the alternative here was the gold standard and then they demanded the nationalization of the railroads they wanted the government to own and operate the railroads now on one
49:38 hand we might think in terms of well these are farmers is this a Jeffersonian movement but at the same time we see here that Jefferson would probably not like the nationalization of the railroads now as far as what happened here the alternative to bimetallism was the gold standard okay now of course today our money is backed by you know the government’s guarantee but the gold standard you’ve got here this you know sound money whereas bimetallism the goal was to create two forms of currency I’m so that there will be more currency in circulation I mean so for the for the farmers that would have helped them now in 1892 the populace did not you know did not win that election but they got
50:25 some electoral votes out west they were unable to break the solid south now the election of 1896 you had William Jennings Bryan versus William McKinley Bryan who I you know who gave his famous Cross of gold speech where as a Democrat what he did here was he you know he spoke and he incorporated this support for bimetallism into the Democratic platform and so you know the basically of protection is slaying its thousands the gold standard is slaying its tens of thousands the protect protection being the protective tariffs now the cross of gold speech you shall not press down upon the brow of Labor this crown of thorns you shall not crucify mankind
51:12 upon a cross of gold now this is kind of a cynical treatment of William Jennings Bryan across the gold speech you it’s not the highest resolution but you see somebody in the back that’s got a flag that says anarchy you see William Jennings Bryan who was actually very religious I’m putting his foot on the Bible now the populist endorsed Bryan but this is kind of like a double-edged sword because on one hand it’s nice to have their votes but the populist weren’t really looked on that highly by a lot of you know other people in the country now of course Bryan loses loses that election William McKinley defeats them and then defeats them again in 1900 I’m now as far as you know comparing the
51:57 populous to the progressives now there are two different groups of people but the progressives wanted something you know the progressives they wanted like the populace they wanted more government intervention and particularly like in the economy and the regulation of business okay now the thing is remember that amendments are like wolves okay wolves and amendments both travel in packs okay and so the Bill of Rights you’ve got the first ten amendments now between 1790 and 1864 the the Constitution was amended twice and then you see three amendments in five years and then four amendments in seven years and then since
52:44 1920 there have only been eight more amendments in the course of you know nearly a century and so these are your three like large groups of constitutional amendments and so as far as that goes and we think about the progressive mindset here okay now this is a conservative mindset where it’s like the founding fathers you know they are they represent the principles that you know we need to follow and they’ve given us a guidebook that’s going to help for every generation progressives don’t really feel that way okay they believe the Constitution needs an update and so uh you know I wrote a preamble if the progressives were going to you know have a preamble to the Constitution or
53:31 to their amendments we the progressives of the United States in order to form a stronger central government organized society based on scientific principles regulate business promote moral improvement and secure the blessings of democracy to ourselves and our posterity do ordain and establish these amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America and this is where you want to remember the goals of the progressives okay so the progressive movement the goals here are to create a stronger central government so federalism is not you know kind of takes a blow during this time as well kind of like it did during Reconstruction as far as you know the powers of the states now the stronger central government that would
54:16 legislate based on scientific principles more improvement regulation of business and political democracy okay so the progressive is in the populace they were to diff