AP Prep Webinar #4: Early American Republic, Tom Richey

I a live studio audience I’ve got some of my actual students who y’all go ahead and wave alright so they are here with us and we’re going to be focusing on the the time between about 1800 1848 for those of you who like the numbered periods I’ve you know the so called a push period for I’m gonna hit the Marshall Court jacksonian democracy westward expansion reform movements maybe a little nullification foreign policy so let’s go ahead and do that and let’s you know if you all have some things that are priorities for y’all you’ll let me know but I’m gonna start off with the Marshall Court so let’s go ahead and you know and get my I’m screen shared here y’all go ahead and kind of you know let me know on the chat what’s your what your priorities are I think that’s pretty important but let me go yes we’ll get into judicial review and Jessica you were back you did such a great job last night you were a rock star last night so let’s go ahead and share my screen and get started with this ladies and gentlemen so let’s go into the Marshall Court all right okay so let’s go ahead I think we are all good there all right and Maddie just let me know if we have any issues I’ll be looking at my phone and we’re gonna take a quick run through the Marshall Court now I’ve got some videos on this subject you know as does my friend hip Hughes I’m gonna go through this pretty quickly and just kind of hit the brass tacks and you know go through this through this not as slowly as I would in a video so if you want the slower version of course I do have a video on it and let’s see if we’ve got here so the Marshall court the revenge of the Federalist okay so as far as this goes ladies and gentlemen Jefferson okay my man Jefferson okay but this alright we want to look at the election of 1800 we see that Jefferson won this election and this is really a turning point in American political history because the Federalists had controlled the presidency up to this point I know Washington was technically nonpartisan but was kind of Federalist leaning and so now after Washington and Adams Jefferson has won the election and Jefferson wrote in a private letter to a friend that I shall by the of republican principles seek sink federalism into an abyss from which there shall be no resurrection now note when we think about documentary sources okay this is a private letter so what could we say about a private letter Logan it’s not shared with anyone else so what do we think of his words there versus Jefferson’s first inaugural address we’re in public he says we are all Republicans we are all Federalists but in private he says this now which one are we going to believe about Jefferson’s real goals the private letter okay so when somebody’s riding a private letter if we were to come across this on a DBQ then we would note that Jefferson is riding in private and he’s not speaking in public so we can see

this is what he really wants to do that Jefferson believed that these Federalists these monocots as he called them that they’re done now the thing is though there’s this Doomsday Clock all right that the scientists keep that thinks about how close are we to nuclear war how close is it to midnight well things were getting really close to midnight for John Adams during this lame duck session between the election and the successors term I’ve you know Adams appointed all of these new justices Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which created all of these new federal judgeships and so these 16 judges I need to purge this with a clipart I think I think a bunch of oh my goodness quack noises okay I need to update this PowerPoint a little bit I will work harder forgive me as I forgive you everyone but 16 federal judges with life 10 years they could undermine Jefferson from the bench and then there’s John Marshall who was a federalist he had been a sect the Secretary of State for John Adams and John Adams is one of these midnight appointments appointed him Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and John Marshall will be there for over 30 years he’s still gonna be Chief Justice when Jackson becomes president and as Chief Justice he is going to continue to basically be a federalist presence in the federal government from the bench and we talked about last night the difference between Federalists and Republicans where Federalists they favored a strong central government and were not fans of states rights and that’s going to be pretty much common here now Marbury v Madison what happened to your is that William Marbury who was one of these midnight judges I’m you know he got a you know John Adams was gonna appoint him as a judge and so they didn’t deliver all of the Commission’s and so what they did is they left a note on James Madison’s desk the incoming Secretary of State and said hey could you uh you know deliver these commissions kay thanks bye and James Madison did not deliver the Commission’s I mean after all these are judges that if they get their Commission’s then they’re going to make decisions that are there gonna be thorns in Jefferson’s and Madison sides and so William Marbury sues he says that he wants a writ of mandamus now the Judiciary Act of 1789 authorized the Supreme Court to issue a writ of mandamus basically to say that from the bench I am mandating that James Madison deliver this Commission now as far as that goes you know Alexander Hamilton now of course we know what Hamilton’s doing in his Federalist Papers is Hamilton’s trying to settle the Constitution so he can get as powerful of the federal government as possible and so in Federalist 78 he wrote the Judiciary from the nature of his functions will always be the least dangerous branch to the political rights the Constitution now the anti-federalists said that the judiciary is going to be dangerous the judiciary will overturn state laws

Hamilton’s like no it’ll never do that and for the first decade or so the federal government seemed to be the case so Marshall is thinking what am I gonna do here because if Marshall issues are rid of mandamus then James Madison and Jefferson might just say no it’s kind of like later on when Andrew Jackson said John Marshall has made his decision now let him enforce it and so you know basically what’s Marshall going to do well what he did was he said you know what I actually can’t do this because the Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional and what do they call this when the Court strikes down a law and calls it unconstitutional Bailey judicial review okay now they judicial activism something but that’s something taking consideration as well but judicial review is when the Supreme Court says that we have looked at this law that’s come before us and we have concluded that this law is repugnant to the Constitution and therefore it can’t stand and here I’m in the Supreme Court building you see engraved into marble it is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is and that is from John Marshall’s Marbury V Madison decision and that is the first occurrence of judicial review in the American political system remember that this is not something that is you know in the Constitution or anything like that now remember that Jefferson and Madison believed that the states as parties to the Constitution this compact theory that it’s the states that get to determine what the Constitution says now John Marshall says not the case it is the judiciary so the Supreme Court can declare laws to be unconstitutional now in this case the federal law but the Supreme Court will move on to state laws sometime later so let’s go ahead and just do a quick comparison of Jefferson and John Marshall now we can make this available later but when I finish the chart you might want to go ahead and just take a quick screenshot or something like that if you want to look at this later so when it comes to federalism John Marshall is a federalist favor to strong central government whereas Jefferson was a states rights guy as a federalist was John Marshall a fan of stricter loose construction loose okay remember loose allows us to do more with it okay so if the Constitution is interpreted strictly like Jefferson would want it you know the Federalists are the ones with this kind of comic sans view of the Constitution just loosey-goosey and you know there are a few times when it’s appropriate to use comic sans but the Federalist interpretation the cost is one of them the Constitution it’s just it’s a living document it’s a guide you know all that kind of stuff I you know just don’t take it too seriously

whereas Jefferson you know the Constitution is the Constitution and the federal government only has the powers that are delegated to it now as far as a National Bank will see in McCulloch versus Maryland that Marshall is going to declare a National Bank constitutional whereas Jefferson of course believed that it wasn’t the Marshall Court is also going to favor Commerce in business when we look at Gibbons versus Ogden the Marshall Court is really into supporting business activity okay so the Marshall Court is not friendly to States it is friendly to the federal government and institutions associated with it and it is also business friendly so Marbury v Madison you know where Jefferson likes agriculture of course Marbury v Madison it says that the Supreme Court interprets the Constitution whereas Jefferson believed that the states interpret the Constitution compact theory okay so I’ll give you just a second to take a look at that if you’re watching if you want to take a quick you know quick screenshot or something like that and this is really the key the key excuse me to understanding all of John Marshall’s decisions on the Supreme Court and so as far as that goes let’s see here alright so aside from Marbury B Madison there are two decisions that I think are super important not only for AP US history but also for AP government if you’re taking that or you will take it and so McCulloch versus Maryland Maryland put a tax on the bank of the United States now what we’ve got to do here is we think about John Marshall’s constitutional principles and John Marshall okay on one side he’s got a state on the other side he’s got the National Bank hmm wait that was easy alright John Marshall is going to side with the bank and against the state okay so not a fan of states rights a big fan of the federal government and institutions associated with it and remember that a National Bank is also friendly to Commerce and commercial activity so we see here you know the doctrine of implied powers okay which Jefferson wasn’t a fan of except you know the Louisiana Purchase Jefferson’s like you know what doesn’t say anything about adding land but his friends convinced him that look treaty making power okay chill Jefferson Jefferson was just so like adamant about the Constitution sometimes he backed himself up into a corner unnecessary unnecessarily all right but the Louisiana Purchase will often be mentioned on exams as something that challenged Jefferson’s own understanding the Constitution which it certainly did but certainly not as much of a leap as a National Bank and so as far as that goes ladies and gentlemen then we go to Gibbons versus Ogden oh my goodness I must have clicked on Steamboat Willie everybody should watch us Steamboat Willie um you know which we did in my class here now we’re okay so there we go

all right so steam biochemist accidentally clicked on Steamboat Willie there all right so John Marshall what was happening here is there was a steamboat line which actually on Cornelius Vanderbilt was just getting his start here running a steamboat line between New York and New Jersey now the state of New York said now we’re listen a state okay so we already know how John Marshall feels about this a state the state of New York said no no we’re given a monopoly to Robert Fulton’s company and so the thing is you’ve got this legal case because this business says the state of New York can’t you know can’t give a monopoly over something that is let’s think about that Clause of the Constitution that is very very important for us history and government and that is the Commerce Clause so the Commerce Clause says that the federal government controls interstate commerce okay so this is the Commerce Clause the Congress shall have the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states so if there is commerce that crosses state lines that belongs to the federal government’s jurisdiction not the states and while this was somewhat controversial or landmark at the time I don’t really see how that’s big but that big of a deal I feel like this is the Constitution cut-and-dry here because this is interstate commerce and so as far as that goes your biggest martial court cases are going to be Marbury vs. Madison McCulloch versus Maryland and Gibbons versus Ogden okay so that gives us a bit very good states cannot regulate interstate commerce only the commerce intrastate within a state that’s why you sometimes pay you know you pay sales tax when you’re buying something within a state yeah don’t watch anime tonight you know study for your study for your exam okay so I tell you what the chat somebody trying to hate on my tabs there all right so as far as that ladies and gentlemen I feel like going into a jacksonian democracy and nullification does that sound good all right that sounds good to y’all your class loves judicial we’re okay sure I tell you such an agreeable audience and there’s Marjorie actual student alert and I’ve got these actual students over here this evening all right yeah Marjorie is watching from watching from home there all right so as far as that hi pals all right so the Alien and Sedition Acts now the thing is all right so let’s let’s this is something that’s worth an aside here okay that the Alien and Sedition Acts weren’t necessarily overturned the Alien and Sedition Acts had a sunset clause they were set to expire on March 4th 1801 which happen to be hmm that happened to be when Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated so what they did was they made the alien Sedition Acts with a sunset clause so that the next president whoever he might be won’t be able to enforce them so they pretty much went away the the part that was repugnant to the Constitution and so as

far as that goes the other side of that yes Jefferson and Madison authored the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions but once they took power then the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were moved they never publicly really claimed authorship you know it was kind of known that they did it but they didn’t really want to discuss those things in public and very much length and so once they were in power they just kind of swept it under the rug and that’s the that’s the thing with the whole Wright’s thing that basically states rights like almost like those like you know that game at chuck-e-cheeses with like the mold you know like the mole comes up and you have to hit the mole it’s like oh there’s states rights and then BAM and then it’s like states rights goes away and then all of a sudden like nullification there states rights again BAM and then of course then there’s the Civil War and then it’s like bam bam bam you know I mean that’s you know and there goes that but every once in a while like you look at California today which is you know passing walls on you know creating basically a sanctuary state I’m so you know states right certainly is something that’s still around now as far as this Hamilton was a champion of the First National Bank of the United the first bank of the United States and what happened was that Bank got a twenty-year charter well during Madison’s term in office but before the war of 1812 then what happened wit was that he let the bank expire now Jefferson didn’t try to you know didn’t try to kill the bank while it was still there anything but Madison let it expire now of course then the war of 1812 and you know it’s like before the war of 1812 we’re thinking we can just farm and stuff and after the war of 1812 you’ve got the you know this American system Henry Clay who was a war hawk he’s you know guy he’s a war hawk but now he’s eating crow because he was like let’s go to war let’s go to war and it ended up we weren’t really ready and so the American system NIP National Bank internal improvements protective tariffs that’s right stay hydrated that’s some high-quality h2o let me even get some more of that okay yeah II don’t do the tea during live sessions even though next week you might see me do that you know what I’ll have to do that’s to Rio it’s too real for the online audience I think it might scare them alright so ladies and gentlemen speaking of speaking of let’s go ahead and remember tell your friends I think some people got scared off by the announcement we had up earlier that was still there we were having technical difficulties last night tell your friends this is going on all right so yeah Roger I don’t think that’s gonna happen all right so let’s go ahead and share the screen again and y’all can hang huh Oh y’all are ravenous oh my lord y’all are reading these got okay y’all kid y’all can’t read the check y’all shouldn’t be reading the chat okay okay so as far as that goes ladies and gentlemen let’s go ahead and get into jacksonian democracy now I’ve got to cover some of these things with a broad brush up not in quite as much detail as I might offer if I were you know doing

this you know it’s like a live lecture now I’ve got some videos on jacksonian democracy so that’s that’s something that you can look at as well they’re really old so don’t judge me all right so as far as that goes ladies and gentlemen jacksonian democracy now we have the era of good feelings and this is kind of the last hurrah of the old like aristocratic Republic one thing I like to emphasize when I teach AP US history is that the Constitution was designed for you know to function like our government was designed to function as an aristocratic Republic where as our government becomes more and more democratic as time passes and so what you see here is basically the elites get together and they’re like you know what James Monroe has been doing a good job let’s keep him in there now you saw the collapse of the first two-party system after the war of 1812 when the Federalist Party was associated with the Hartford Convention and so now they’ve pretty much got a one-party system and it’s like you know what James Monroe’s doing okay so let’s put him in there and so from there let’s see from there what we need to do here is this is the old system okay and explain to you how democracy works here and really under the old system remember the Electoral College was set up in order to insulate the presidency from the people all right that you don’t want this close connection between the people and the president because you know from there I mean it’s just all of a sudden that you know you’ve got all kinds of stuff in the news and everybody’s going crazy over this and that and you know you look at all three of the you know cable news websites and it’s all about these hundred thirty thousand dollar payments and all that kind of stuff you know the founding fathers were hoping to avoid that kind of and so as far as that goes that the voters would elect the members of the state legislature and remember by voters I mean the people who owned property and the state legislature would nominate the prêt they would appoint the presidential electors who would then vote for the president now that’s the old system and so the new system that is taking that is coming into effect which is basically what we do now that the voters vote directly for presidential electors and that creates one less layer between the voters and the president and it creates a more direct connection so that’s democracy okay and so what happens here now of course you’ve got this chaos here during this time it’s like whoa look at that okay and you know for people running for president now this is the time between the first and second two-party system and then of course you’ve got the corrupt bargain Henry Clay throws his weight behind John Quincy Adams okay and then John Quincy Adams of course rewards him now this was not odd in an aristocratic Republic that it’s like you know what I got to be President with your help well you know what Henry Clay I want to make you my Secretary of State now this is something

that you know in an aristocratic Republic you expect these things you trade favors not so much in a democracy like or at least not so flagrantly and so as far as that goes you know Henry Clay is basically being put in the next net the next in line but that’s not going to be the case okay jacksonian democracy which involves what Bailey jacksonian democracy belief in the common man that’s right that’s right belief in the common man Universal white male suffrage and popular campaigning okay these are things that had not been part of the political culture previous to this and so as far as that goes now remember Andrew Jackson didn’t invent on democracy but he is benefitting from it okay he has perceives really just kind of the personification of this and so as far as that goes you know you start to see candidate centered campaigning and a lot of it appealing to what you start to see as sectionalism as well so here’s Jackson portrayed as a man of the people and then we see here huzzah for general Jackson down with the Yankees okay so you see that we have this sort of sectional mentality that is developing and we’re going to talk about the Civil War tomorrow and what’s leading up to that okay so I’m gonna skip over a few things here and we’re gonna talk about the second two-party system briefly which you know there’s all kinds of stuff there but the Republican Party you see the National Republicans and then the Democratic Republicans which the Jacksonian faction starts calling themselves Democrats and the National Republicans start calling themselves the Whigs after the opposition party in Britain and so what we see here is a similar kind of graphic organizer to what I showed y’all last night okay so who was the leader of the Whig party clay very good Henry Clay was the leader of the Whig party whereas Andrew Jackson was the leader of the Democratic Party now when you imagine Henry Clay imagine him as the next incarnation of Alexander Hamilton so federalism that the Whigs are much more nationalistic whereas the Democrats are taking this Jeffersonian banner of states rights and you know the Whigs tend to be elitist in their mentality whereas the Democrats are embracing this new democracy now the Whigs are pretty much although there’s a healthy two-party system between the 1820s in the 1850s you know you’ve got you know you know for this about you know twenty five year period or so the Democratic Party is typically the more dominant party the Whigs could only get elected when they ran a war hero and both of the war heroes they put in the presidency died so the Whig presidents were not really that effective because they didn’t be unelected and so the Democrats are embracing this new democratic political culture and so as far as moral reform okay so as far as moral reform the Whigs tended to be more

into that such as temperance and abolitionism and that sort of thing whereas the Democrats pretty much they like the common man as he is right they only they agree they have a belief in the common man and so the Constitution is loose for the Whigs and very strict for the Democrats and again we get into government involvement in the economy so like Hamilton Henry Clay believed that the government has an important role to play in economic development whereas the Democrats tend to be laissez-faire and supporting the existing agricultural system and so sectional support the Whigs were very strong in the Northeast strongest in the Northeast and the farther south from the farther west you got the more powerful the Democrats were now this tells you something because you know as far as the westward expansion the nation is moving south and west now again the American system NIP what’s knit all right I tell you I’ve drilled that in y’all okay National Bank internal improvements protective tariffs and that is Henry Clay’s American system and the Democrats are not so into that American system all right so as far as that and remember that Jackson you know wasn’t a fan of the of the National Bank that Jackson vetoed the recharter of the second bank of the United States okay so the second bank of the United States got a twenty-year charter after the war of 1812 and then it was running out during Jackson’s term and you know Jackson basically killed the bank as he said before it could kill him right all right so as far as as far as that goes all right well yeah hope now so did the Jeffersonian Republican Party turn into the Democratic Party I would say that NC that’s why I don’t like when people use the term Democratic Republican to refer to Jefferson’s party because there’s really like a merger you know of the two parties that you know that you have the Republicans and the Federalists and then they merge into the Republican Party and from there you see that the parties go back and you know the Jeffersonians the Hamiltonians go to Jackson and Clay and they split from that okay so as far as that goes yes Jessica all right Roger I’m not gonna go to prom with you all right so all right so the market revolution what we need to think about with the market revolution is we are seeing you know we are seeing in the market revolution new technologies ok such as steamships alright so for the first time like I mean before steamships you couldn’t really take stuff up and down river so we see that you know it’s easier to transport things ok which means that you know people get places faster goods get places faster and all of that kind of stuff ok so yes so ship the steamboats were developed by Robert Fulton and this is something that what

we see with Jackson and this is something if you want to think about your thing about social changes is that you see the self-made man that it’s getting to where it’s it’s getting you know more common for a single individual to rise from basically nothing and get to the point where they are very very wealthy of course we’ll see even more of that you know we’ll see even more of that in the Gilded Age ok but this is really where that market revolution is creating a greater amount of social mobility and so a few things here let’s go ahead and you know and take a quick look at the territorial acquisitions now what I have planned for the rest of this territorial expansion I want to get into a little bit and then look at nullification and the reform movements does that sound good I’m era of good feelings just know you know James Monroe was president the era of good feelings is that time between the first and the second two-party system okay now the Monroe Doctrine all right the Monroe Doctrine which if you look at my Twitter at Tom Ritchie and then you’ve got you can see my new meme where I’ve got you know I’ve got you basically a Teddy Roosevelt and James Monroe the Roosevelt Corollary my favorite president is probably Jefferson because he’s just my favorite you know person uh Jimmy Carter okay that’s one of my colleagues that’s his favorite okay so as far as that y’all are hilarious here now yes manifest destiny manifest destiny now James Monroe is the president in the era of good feelings I tell you what now so as far as that goes ladies and gentlemen let’s go into that now immigration what you need to know about you need to know about the wave of Irish immigration during the antebellum period that’s important okay we’ve got an Irish over there all right so you know the Irish people coming in another thing is before the Irish came in during the antebellum period there were next to no Catholics yes Marjorie that was TJ making an entrance here and so as far as that goes up Logan and can you make a sign-in sheet we need to make a little note of when people came in for y’all’s seat time and all that kind of stuff all right now the Irish are in the 1840s you know a little bit before a little bit after but the Irish are coming in mostly in the 1840s and so you know in the 1870s you’re starting to get a lot of Chinese immigration now there may have been some more Irish but not so much not like you have in the antebellum period in the late 19th century you’ve got the you know the Chinese immigration which leads to the Chinese Exclusion Act and then at the turn of the twentieth century you have the new immigrants these you know people from Southern and Eastern Europe and another another round of Catholic immigration okay so as far as as far as that let’s see so ladies and gentlemen let’s go ahead and take a look at a few things here and I would

like to just kind of note now remember manifest destiny okay manifest destiny which I you know always show that that painting American Progress I don’t have it on me right now at the moment but you know what let’s look at all these tabs I’ve got open American Progress okay manifest destiny now manifest destiny okay it says it’s waiting how do you wait for Google okay so as far as that goes the snow not sent ok so American Progress let me show y’all out of Google okay – Center okay John gasp American Progress okay so as far as that goes ladies and gentlemen you know we send magic murals dot-com about that in case somebody wants a mural here uh you know so as far as this goes this is manifest destiny okay where you’ve got you know this woman here that she’s got a schoolbook she’s got telegraph wires you see choo-choo trains and all of that kind of stuff there and then you see farming you see ships the Pony Express and then over here you see the darkness okay and so people who believed in manifest destiny they believed that you that the United States had basically a divinely appointed mission yes no no territory expansionist territory expansion manifest destiny is the belief that we were supposed to do this that we were divinely appointed it was our destiny okay kind of like I you know Vader told Luke it was his destiny to turn the dark side which evidently it wasn’t but but the thing is that this is the United States saying that we have divine backing it is our destiny as clearly our destiny to expand westward so yea westward expansion is a fact manifest destiny explains the why what was it that’s put that was pushing Americans to favor going out west so when Jefferson you know when Jefferson did the Louisiana Purchase you know Jefferson said in his inaugural addresses he compared the United States to Israel believe that we’re a chosen people after all we had a bunch of farmers and farmers the chosen people of God right now the thing is note that the Louisiana Purchase happened in 1803 whereas Texas a and X ation didn’t happen till 1845 so you see 45 and 48 now 46 we’d already claimed Oregon anyway so that’s not really as big of a deal and we actually made a compromise with the British over Oregon but when you look here at Texas annexation and the Mexican Cession 1845 and 1848 that’s what’s going to create the controversy that’s going to lead to all of the political conflict of the 1850s so when we think about the antebellum period like in the 1830s it was all about remember the Missouri compromise said the Louisiana Purchase what line was that 36:30 just tuned that

down a little bit okay thirty six thirty okay thirty six thirty Raj type that in the chat thirty six thirty okay and so yeah so so no you know as far as that goes yeah so yeah if you would have gotten that right maybe I’d go to prom with him or something like that but but but as far as that goes no no Raj don’t get your hopes up buddy all right so as far as that goes the this is going to lead to all of the conflicts there that are going to lead in civil war because with the with the Missouri Compromise it was like okay we’ve got this settled but then this is gonna lead to an element of chaos now another thing that’s got to bring things about now I’ll wait until we get to will do the antebellum reform last but I want to talk about nullification now I don’t have a proper lecture on this yet on YouTube but I will soon I’ve got this almost finish this is a very important topic now I mentioned before that states rights is like that you know like that mold that keeps coming up okay and it’s just like whoa they’re states rights again so basically you had seventeen ninety eight you had the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions and between seventeen you know between eighteen hundred and eighteen twenty-eight there wasn’t really a big states rights controversy let you think about the Hartford Convention or something but as far as this like particular like southern cran of states rights like now over the tariff of 1828 you see states rights come on and it’s gonna go back again okay but the Nullification Crisis was this conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over the tariff of 1828 and so South Carolina threatened to nullify the tariff on and they were going to you know they said we’ve got the right if something’s unconstitutional we can just decide for ourselves that it’s not constitutional because we’re a state and we’re a party to this agreement so the context here ladies and gentlemen again Henry Clay’s American system yes and Logan remember we can’t just say no all right so I you know Henry Clay wanted to nip all right so but the thing is we’ve got to say what is there okay I kind of like I kind of like oh this person Oh grab me all right you mentioned the snapping turtle the embargo okay so as far as that goes ladies I kind of like having this live studio audience we’ll have to do this again next week um so remember that Henry Clay’s American system ladies and gentleman was a Hamiltonian system okay a system that called for an active federal government self-sufficiency internal trade development of western lands and so Henry Clay’s America was an America where the south produced produces cash crops on the north and the way you know the the middle the four middle States and the West produced staple crops on there is a manufacturing sector that we’re nurturing in a national bank is going to help finance that and the National Bank can also finance economic development and the whole point is to get us away from dependence on Europe now the only problem is though that the South doesn’t really get anything from

this okay that the South’s cash crops were largely exported the Jefferson what I call the Jeffersonian economic model and this is something that before the war of 1812 you know this was seen by a lot of people as the ideal and the south continues to cling to this you know for some time because they were benefiting from it so you have the raw materials going to Europe and the finished goods being imported so the south really did not have any stake in this American system it did nothing for them and so that’s the problem here is that you know calhoun wrote about in the south carolina exposition the benefits and the burdens of the union which he said are not being you know univer are not being shared by everyone equally that the south according to this system is forced to pay more taxes and get less out of it than other sections and so what we see here is a cartoon that is and again a visual source now visual sources always have some kind of agenda especially if we have a political cartoon now if we look here that now this is a Pennsylvania thing here now Henry Clay is like look at my new and improved grand original American system home consumption internal improvements now calls this the monkey system now note here that when you’ve got these monkeys I’ve you know they’re all reaching into each other’s troughs and so you know it’s not like the monkeys just gonna eat its own stuff that they want to take from their neighbors and so that’s a commentary on the American system and there is Calhoun walking in what a humbug that this is not something that’s helping the south and so as far as that goes the monkeys are not are taking from other people and so the tariff of 1828 otherwise known as the tariff of abominations now what distinction does this have it is an abomination okay according to uh folks who labeled it that way but it was the highest tariff ever passed by Congress the hawley-smoot tariff passed during the Great Depression was second but no tariff in US history has ever been higher than the tariff of 1828 and so as far as that remember a protective tariff now what we need to remember here there are two types of tariffs on that first of all your basic type of tariff is a revenue tariff okay that is a tariff for raising revenue for the government that is not to discourage trade it has no other point than to raise money for the government now a protective tariff has is in excess of the money needed to finance the government and it’s put there to discourage trade and so yeah I’ve got that right here okay a revenue tariff helps the government raise tax revenue a protective tariff protects American industry from foreign competition and so when you think about the three major industries in the United States at the time commerce agriculture and

manufacturing a protective tariff really only helps the manufacturing sector it doesn’t help the agricultural sector or the commercial sector and you can see here that you know the south voted overwhelmingly against this even New England because see New England which you got to remember about New England is that they have like kind of a mixture at this time that New England is starting to get factories and so you see here that New England was kind of split here because where there not factories there’s commerce and so the majority of folks from New England voted against this because they are you know concerned about Commerce and also there were some things that they need for their factories that we’re getting taxed there but some of them decided you know what let’s do it anyway so the middle states in the West really carried this 105 to 94 but note the very vigorous opposition from the South that over ninety percent of you know southerners in Congress voted against this and that’s where john c calhoun you know is saying whoa the Constitution says that the Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes duties which is a word for tariffs you know at the airport you see the duty-free store tariff free imposts and excises to pay the debts now notice that this is a comma not a period it doesn’t just say that the government has unlimited power to tax on that the government has power to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States so if it doesn’t do these things then according to a very like Jeffersonian strict constructionist standard then a tax that doesn’t do these things is not constitutional and so the question here how does a state respond if the federal government passes unconstitutional legislation that has never been decided now of course oh we can go to the Supreme Court well the Supreme Court’s pardon the federal government so you know the thing is it’s like the state really doesn’t seem to have recourse I mean you’re gonna go you know are you going to go like talk to John Marshall about it good luck getting John Marshall – you know sympathize with your state and so as far as that goes you know we’ve got you know we’ve got a real quandary if you’re South Carolina and so Calhoun proposes nullification as a remedy for this okay that the state can just decide you know what we’re not going to enforce this because we agreed when you look at the compact theory the Constitution we agreed to it and you know this is beyond what we agreed to so we’re just not gonna do it kind of like if the bank calls me and they say that we’re gonna up your mortgage $200 a month I’m the same no you’re not because we didn’t agree to that and so therefore I’m gonna keep paying what we agreed to that’s how calhoun sees nullification and he’s going back to the 1798 Kentucky resolutions we’re ironically or is that irony like if Calvin was the vice president and Jefferson was the vice president or is that just a coincidence a Tony Stark captain of it whoa wait that that Tony Stark’s Iron Man is that oh okay well

anyway but no but the thing is they were doing the same thing that Jefferson is vice president anonymously wrote you know states rights propaganda and then calhoun does the same thing okay that basically Jefferson wrote that if the federal government goes beyond the Constitution it’s acts or unnethe orotate avoidin of no force and so basically calhoun in 1828 in the south carolina exposition sometimes referred to as the south carolina exposition and protest i’ve you know he is making a very similar kind of argument here and he noted that the south represents two-thirds of national exports and it represents one-third of the population so when you do that math and i’m not a math guy i’m not y’all know i’m not a math guy but you know we see that two-thirds of exports one-third of the population and so with that south carolina is paying a disproportionate amount of taxes and so that’s why south carolina if the tariff doesn’t go away they reserve the right to nullify the tariff so said calhoun the haines webster debate was between robert Haines and daniel webster now what we see here and this is gonna be something we’ll want to revisit tomorrow okay because when we think about the civil war you know part of the problem here is there’s a disagreement over what the union is and so Robert Payne is from South Carolina’s going pro nullification that you know we you know the Independence of the states is the backbone of our system where as Daniel Webster says you know that I believe that the union of the states I would strengthen the ties that hold us together so the hane Webster debate you know debates kind of go into this eeep Laura vez una Maz we’re talking about out of many one you know is the United States gonna be pluribus or is the United States going to be unum there’s not an agreement on this so hane is promoting this compact theory of the Constitution that was gaining currency you know in the south at this time and Webster you know a is advocating a national Union that the Constitution is not a compact between sovereign states the Constitution is a union of the American people and so therefore now this is more Lincoln’s Constitution okay so when you think about Webster’s idea of a National Union this is how Abraham Lincoln views the Constitution that you know a state cannot just decide to secede from the union because we’re all in this we’re all in this together and so this was definitely a rhetorical victory for Webster even though it’s important to note at the time you know most people understood the Constitution more akin to what Haines was arguing perhaps without the nullification bit but as far as seeing the Constitution as a compact between the states but Webster you know his views are going to gain steam in the ensuing decades and so Jackson remember that Jackson as a Democrat was a states rights guy and so he’s got to think about federal authority versus states rights and he

said at a toast with john c calhoun our federal union it must be preserved whereas calhoun says the Union next to our liberties most dear now this is important here you know one of my colleagues here I’ve you know set at Seneca High School you know said that this is something that he looks at when he talks about you know he thinks about the cause of the Civil War that it’s like you see this disagreement where Jackson says the Union must be preserved whereas Calhoun says you know the Union is great but if we’re not comfortable then maybe we reserve the right to leave if we have to may we all remember that the Union can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the states and distributing equally the benefit and the burden of the Union now this is going to you know this is going to get kind of messy here Calhoun ends up coming out in public for nullification and pretty much gives up any realistic chance he has of getting to be elected president Jackson replaces Calhoun on the ticket with Martin Van Buren so South Carolina in November of 1832 I passes an ordinance of nullification and Maddy if you’ll remind me I actually in addition to this PowerPoint I’ve got a nullification timeline that I’ll be glad to share with everybody after the event that I created and so Calhoun resigns the vice presidency and becomes a section list and this is really what you’re going to see moving forward in the antebellum period now Congress does two things okay in response first of all you’ve got the bad cop the force bill so in 1833 Congress says Jackson can go into South Carolina and use force to collect the tariff South Carolina responds by calling out the militia but when Jackson saying hey if there’s a single drop of blood I’m gonna hang the first man I can lay my hand on upon the first tree I can reach and so then who do we need right now claim we need Henry Clay the great compromiser and so Henry Clay then puts forward the compromise tariff of 1833 which lowered protective rates incremental e over the next ten years now after ten years he’s gonna race him back up but that’s how Henry Clay rolls okay Henry Clay I’ve you know wants to basically defuse the situation and so there’s a deal that South Carolina accepts Henry Clay’s compromise tariff and they rescinded their Nullification ordinance but then just to make a point they nullify the force bill all right and so can y’all can y’all give it a little super hot fire thing there make little sounds like oh yeah all right so they notified the force bill just to show that they could do it and so crisis averted but here’s the thing okay here’s the problem here that the crisis averted but once again like the states rights mul is like coming up and then it’s like BAM and then like it just goes away and people never really settle it and so as far as that goes the Missouri Compromise the nullification compromise in the compromise of 1850 y’all want to know these are Henry Clay’s three compromises and what I

think is important here is when we think about the rise of democracy Henry Clay to me represents like the old aristocratic traditions on and so as far as that goes like these old aristocratic traditions where we make deals we call premised on things okay and so after clay leaves the scene we don’t see any of that compromising anymore so a few takeaways now South Carolina played a bold game of brinksmanship that paid off in the short term they got what they won the short term but john c calhoun on the other side will never be President and he would spend the rest of his career as a sectional advocate sectional tensions were elevated now the thing is while the Nullification Crisis is going on William Lloyd Garrison publishes the first volume of his newspaper The Liberator in your abolitionism box William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator put that all in a box together and anytime you’re writing an essay q le q DB q abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator so William Lloyd Garrison publishes The Liberator during this controversy and so this controversy between the south and you know this you know the sectionalism between the South the rest of the country is gonna get a lot uglier as time goes on and the exact nature this is the biggest thing here the exact nature of the relationship between the states and the federal government remained unsettled and another thing here is a lesson here if you’re willing to fight hard and alienate people you can get what you want right now but it may hinder your ability to get something else you want later you know so if you’re looking for a short term victory it’s like just go all out cuz South Carolina certainly got what they won in the short term and but you know things didn’t really get any better there I have a website so make sure you all take a look at that hey people these things okay well Tom Burnett is my name it’s on the thing it’s own thing all right but I know you should know by now I tell you every day I have a website all right so as far as that goes all right let’s see it we got here all right ap bio that’s a good show um they need to make an AP they make an AP euro show and let me do it you know like that’s like a sequel or something okay so but the thing is of course you’d say that but but as far as that goes yeah I can shout out to miss McGinnis from Long Island that’s sure that’s good Jessica that’s awesome okay so me is confused oh my goodness okay all right so wait is that Claymore is that armory or is that another break okay all right ladies and gentlemen one thing that I need do here okay one thing I need to do here rosh is still trying compromise of 1850 we’ll talk about tomorrow okay copyright of 18th it’s all about tomorrow but we need to finish this subway show live studio it’s a good thing we got to make sure okay coach Kate mr. vets from Dixie alright they they still have a school think the school is called Dixie um that’s interesting but anyway uh so as far as that goes ROG don’t give up yet ROG like

let’s go ahead and give up on this one okay but don’t give up on your exam don’t give up on past they push exam all right mr. Majoris from Pittsburgh new Lebanon Ohio alright awesome awesome so legacy alright so we’re good Shh william lloyd garrison was white Frederick Douglass was black okay now so as far as that goes John C Calhoun no Jefferson wrote the Kentucky resolution Madison wrote the Virginia resolution they did that in 1798 Calhoun thirty years later writes the South Carolina exposition where he makes a lot of the same points that Jefferson made earlier yes just Google William Lloyd Garrison you can see what he looks like y’all have to like that you know it’s not like I am like the arbiter of the information superhighway or something like that just just type in William Lloyd Garrison you see actually what he looks like he was bald as well so you know which means that he’d never be yet not a good candidate for president bald presidents unless you’re eisenhower you’re only gonna do one term like that’s it so but he’s like I like him right okay so let’s go ahead and talk about sectionalism and antebellum reform okay so we’re gonna do a little bit of sectionalism and antebellum reform all right so let’s go and do that yeah y’all know that I’ve got a website so we’ll move we’ll get one in that show and we want to go into here and we want to take a quick look at antebellum America okay and tomorrow we’ll be hitting the Civil War okay and reconstruction all of that stuff so let’s take a quick look at antebellum America sectionalism and reform okay and I’ll make this available as well now the antebellum period okay is the period between 1820 and 1860 now remember that a lot of the are used to using numbered periods that never shows up on the exam it’s much more it’s much better to come from the perspective of talking about the colonial period the antebellum period and all of that all of that kind of stuff okay so as far as that goes 1820 to 1860 from the Missouri Compromise to the Civil War this is the antebellum period now remember the war of 1812 brought this you know the sectional is sort of mentality where I mean go back 1812 nationalism right okay and so what we start seeing in the antebellum period is more sectionalism now as far as that goes the northern economy is becoming more industrial okay so now you know people are still farming there but it’s becoming more industrial the southern economy on agriculture now remember cash crop agriculture specifically on the west being on more of a developing kind of staple crop agriculture now the most important people in the antebellum period are three people who were all senators all served in the cabinets I believe that Henry Clay john c calhoun and daniel webster all served at one point a Secretary of State and so they all served in the Senate they all served the

Secretary of State and they all serve the house they served in all kinds of capacities but Webster clay and Calvin Webster Calhoun and clay okay or Webster clay and Calhoun or whatever but Daniel Webster John C Calhoun and Henry Clay are really the most important politicians between 1820 and 1850 and your big things here being you know the north is becoming increasingly during this time anti-slavery and Proterra to a point especially with the industrial areas on the South being pro-slavery and anti-terrorism out economic development remember the West Henry Clay’s from the West and that’s the American system so note that you’ve got these you know sectional things between the north the south and the west now antebellum reform let me give you a quick synopsis of antebellum reform before we call it a night now the Second Great Awakening I could go into Charles G Finney you know he was for he was a popular preach during that time but the Second Great Awakening is the beginning of the antebellum reform movements all of the antebellum reform movements go back to the Second Great Awakening because you’ve got this religious revival now note that both Great Awakenings favored emotional religion and that there is an increase in evangelical denominations Baptists and Methodists okay now the thing is that the Second Great Awakening is you know basically saying that people have a choice whether they want to be a Christian or not whether they want to be good enough and whether they want to go to heaven or hell and so what happens here is people are spurred to moral reforms okay so when you think about this William Lloyd Garrison the most prominent abolitionist at that time now also you’ve got your Frederick Douglass David Wolter and others now as far as this goes it was anti-slavery and now abolitionists are not like the more moderate folks of the American Colonization Society where they’d said you know what we’re going to just kind of slowly but surely send freed people of color back to Africa whereas William Lloyd Garrison said let’s get rid of slavery everywhere and let’s do it now and people are like even in the north this was an unpopular opinion you know it’s like what’s this gonna do the economy this is going to destabilize things you know people are willing generally to accept things that exist and so as far as that you know I feel like there’s like a Kanye joke waiting to be put in there but and that we’re not gonna we’re not gonna go there so as far as that as far as that goes but gosh Kanye should do one of these sessions like one of these prep sessions I would gladly yield to Khan no not so much okay I’ll keep doing this then Raj don’t worry I’ll be back tomorrow all right so as far as that goes the temperance movement anti-alcohol now that’s the other thing you know at the time you know now the average American drinks about two gallons of pure alcohol a year at this time the average American drank seven gallons of pure alcohol a year and you know these people like they get

drunk and they beat their wives now that leads us back who is involved in abolition and temperance a lot of these people are women or middle class women and so the women’s rights movement grows out of this so remember that abolitionism and temperance grow out of the Second Great Awakening where as women’s rights grows out of abolitionism and temperance and we want to remember Elizabeth Cady Stanton and of course susan b anthony but i try to remember typically like one person for these things now women should vote women should have political rights now one thing to remember here is that this isn’t about necessarily women having equal social rights in the workplace but first-wave feminism is about women being able to participate as members of the political community and I’m gonna wrap up here I know we’re technically out of time but I’m wrapping up now there’s William Lloyd oh and there’s what William Lloyd Garrison looks like ladies and gentlemen there he is a bald guy with glasses the liberator in 1831 started this newspaper on behalf of the anti American anti-slavery society now remember that especially in the 1830s people you know saw abolitionism even northerners destroyed abolitionist press and had anti abolitionist riots they saw these people as agitators and so that’s the Liberator now you see the religious influence on these reform movements now note that these reform movements besides the Second Great Awakening which is kind of everywhere the South you know really still carries the legacy of the Second Great Awakening you know because we’ve got a lot of evangelical denominations here but the reform movements were moat were strongest in the Northeast as far as abolitionism and temperance and they were weakest in the south and so with this the other thing is you know I’m from the south so I can tell you that when you tell somebody from the south that they’re wrong about something they just became more right even if this southerner thought like you know what maybe I’m having some misgivings about the slavery thing as soon as people start saying that slavery is wrong then there’s going to be this positive defense pushback which we’ll talk about more tomorrow oh my video cut out I don’t know if y’all can still hear me but let’s see here we’re gonna stop sharing there and let’s see can y’all still hear me all right so my video okay you can still hear me and just my video cut out my camera was like hey Richie at 7:30 and so the video is back you can see me yeah you can see me alright Miami squad remember I’m going to be in Miami tell your friends Sunday at ransom Everglades not a sponsor of the event but rants had got to do the disclaimer there Ransome Everglades I’m going to be doing AP euro from nine to one and a push from two to six fifteen dollars on the website Tom Ridge net slash live twenty dollars at the door invite me anytime okay but I think what’s important here ROG is still here one of these days I’d love to come to all that Long Island invite me give me a Bible invitation but what’s

most important here is this would not be happening without the Bill of Rights Institute and make sure that you go to the Bill of Rights Institute and check out their stuff they’ve got a youtube channel they’re gonna be sending you resources and they’re awesome invite me to Long Island but before you do that check out all the Bill of Rights Institute’s great resources and look for an email from my friend Maddie who is here to close out tonight’s event I will see y’all tomorrow to talk about the Civil War and reconstruction it’s always a pleasure all right hey guys I just wanted to pop on really quickly I’m sorry that my webcam wasn’t working at the very beginning but we’ve got it all figured out so I’m gonna go ahead and put my email write me a check you guys can email me if you have any questions or if you want in the access and specific resources I also I’m gonna go ahead and link to our AP prep webinar page now that page is actually how we’re going to be getting all of the resources to you all the links to these videos are going to be on the Bill of Rights and to YouTube page but they’re also going to be linked on that page that I just linked and I’ll post it again so it doesn’t get lost you guys can access that so don’t be looking for emails instead keep on checking that web page so thank you guys for attending and we will see you tomorrow night